Recent advances in the design of biosensors based on novel nanomaterials: An insight

Biosensors have acquired much importance in drug discovery, medical diagnostics, food safety, defense, security, and monitoring of environmental conditions. Furthermore, there has been great progress in the potential applications of advanced nanomaterials in biosensors. Every year there are several advances in sensing techniques that can be attributed to nanomaterials, biorecognition elements, or their related fabrication techniques. The further development of nanotechnology-based sensors provides a wide variety of opportunities to modern research. Advanced nanomaterials can provide remarkable optical, electrical, mechanical, and catalytic properties. For example, transition metals and organic polymers have been used in the fabrication of powerful, sensitive, and precise biosensors. The distinctive properties of advanced nanomaterials have been widely incorporated into biosensors. However, fabrication techniques also play important roles in the development of these devices. Therefore, we present a review of some of the advanced nanomaterials that have been widely used over the last few years and discuss their fabrication techniques. The focus of this review is to provide a directional perspective of recently fabricated advanced nanomaterial-based biosensors in the diagnosis of various diseases.