Neo-Triple Helix Model of Innovation Ecosystems: Integrating Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Models

This article proposes the neo-Triple Helix model of innovation ecosystems by integrating the Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models, inspired by Lewontin’s gene, organism and environment Triple Helix metaphor. The model considers innovation ecosystems evolved through interactions between 1) innovation dynamics (or innovation genes), 2) social structures and 3) the natural environment. The systems include two-layer triple helix interactions (or triads): university, industry and government at the gene level, and innovation genes, social structures and the natural environment at the system level. Innovation dynamics are conceptualised by integrating the neo-institutional and neo-evolutionary perspectives of the Triple Helix model. The dialectical relationships between innovation genes, social structures and the natural environment are primarily explained using aspects of the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models. The neo-Triple Helix model clarifies debates on different helix innovation models, advances helical approaches through synergy building and can guide empirical research and policy design on innovation ecosystems.