Holy G/ghost?

This article contests the current narrative of the development of the Pentecostal theology of tongues. It argues that 19th and 20th century Spiritualism is a critical and overlooked contextual factor in the historiography of the transition from xenolalia to glossolalia, and, consequently, Pentecostal theology more broadly. Its rival claims to hosting spiritual communication formed part of the backdrop against which a Pentecostal theology of tongues emerged. In light of Spiritualism’s impact, the author concludes that the missionary disappointment narrative needs serious revision. Further, he concludes that the historical psychical research into Spiritualism has potential purchase for contemporary pneumatology.