Improving the Endurance of Next Generation SSD’s using WOM-v Codes

High density Solid State Drives, such as QLC drives, offer increased storage capacity, but a magnitude lower Program and Erase (P/E) cycles, limiting their endurance and hence usability. We present the design and implementation of non-binary, Voltage-Based Write-Once-Memory (WOM-v) Codes to improve the lifetime of QLC drives. First, we develop a FEMU based simulator test-bed to evaluate the gains of WOM-v codes on real world workloads. Second, we propose and implement two optimizations, an efficient garbage collection mechanism and an encoding optimization to drastically improve WOM-v code endurance without compromising performance. Third, we propose analytical approaches to obtain estimates of the endurance gains under WOM-v codes. We analyze the Greedy garbage collection technique with uniform page access distribution and the Least Recently Written (LRW) garbage collection technique with skewed page access distribution in the context of WOM-v codes. We find that although both approaches overestimate the number of required erase operations, the model based on greedy garbage collection with uniform page access distribution provides tighter bounds. A careful evaluation, including microbenchmarks and trace-driven evaluation, demonstrates that WOM-v codes can reduce Erase cycles for QLC drives by 4.4×–11.1× for real world workloads with minimal performance overheads resulting in improved QLC SSD lifetime.