古代化学战剂的使用。公元前256年,波斯人和罗马人在Dura Europos,现代叙利亚的案例。

R. Afshari
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引用次数: 1

摘要

背景:化学战剂(CWA)最著名的是在第一次世界大战期间在欧洲使用,在20世纪80年代萨达姆侯赛因政权的手中,针对伊朗人和伊拉克的库尔德公民,最近在叙利亚使用。使用化武是国际法所禁止的。方法:对中药的古代用途研究不深入。最近,在公元前256年波斯围攻罗马控制的杜拉-欧洲波斯(Salihiyah)期间,他们的使用已经通过重新审视20世纪30年代杜拉-欧洲波斯的考古发现而理论化。案例研究:本文描述了那个时代波斯(伊朗)和罗马的历史,特别是沙普尔一世,[萨桑王朝]波斯帝国的第二任国王(沙阿)(公元215 - 270年)和瓦勒里安,罗马皇帝(公元193/200 - 264年)。此外,考虑到考古证据(隧道顶部碳化、隧道内发现的尸体和黄色晶体)、最近的研究和当代历史记录,通过医学毒理学角度对可能应用的化学武器的组成和与接触有关的临床发现进行了假设。结论:火灾助燃剂或所谓的沥青(油基物质、石脑油、沥青或原油)与二氧化硫(SO2)的组合使用是合理的。SO2与身体膜上的水结合会产生剧毒的硫酸(H2SO3),在狭小的封闭空间中会危及生命。结果,鼻咽和眼睛的灼烧感、咳嗽、呼吸困难、窒息会很快导致肺水肿和死亡。严重的临床表现,恐慌和随之而来的毒性暴露的集体歇斯底里应该阻止任何有组织的撤退。在这次事件中,19名罗马士兵和1名波斯士兵被杀。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Use of Chemical Warfare Agents in Ancient History. A Case of Persians and Romans in Dura-Europos, Modern Syria in 256 C.E.
Background: Chemical warfare agents (CWA) were most notably used during the First World War in Europe, against Iranians and Kurdish citizens of Iraq at the hands of Saddam Hossein’s regime in 1980s and more recently in Syria. The use of CWA is banned under the international law. Methods: Ancient uses of CWA are not well studied. Recently, their use during the Persian siege of the Roman-held Dura-Europos (Salihiyah) in modern Syria in 256 C.E. has been theorized by revisiting the archaeological findings from Dura-Europos from the 1930s. Case study: The paper describes the history of Persia (Iran) and Rome in that era and particularly Shapur I, the second King (Shah) of the [Sasanian] Persian Empire (215 - 270 C.E.) and Valerian, Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus, the Roman Emperor (193/200 - 264 C.E.). In addition, composition of the potentially applied CWA and clinical findings related to the exposure are postulated through a medical toxicology lens taking into account archeological evidence (carbonized top of the tunnels and bodies and yellow crystals found in the tunnel), recent research and contemporary historical notes.  Conclusion: It is plausible that a combination of fire accelerant or so called pitch (oil based substance, naphtha, bitumen or crude oil) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) were used in this occasion. SO2 in combination with water on the body membranes creates highly toxic sulphurous acid (H2SO3) which is life threatening in a small enclosed space. As a result, a burning sensation in the nasopharynx and eyes, coughing, dyspnea, choking that led to pulmonary edema and death would have shortly followed. Severe clinical manifestations, panic and consequent mass hysteria of the toxic exposure should have prevented any organized retreat. In this incident, nineteen Roman and one Persian soldier were killed.
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期刊介绍: Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology (APJMT) aims to expand the knowledge of medical toxicology and tries to provide reliable information in this field for medical and healthcare professionals. APJMT mainly focuses on research related to medical toxicology issues in the Asia Pacific region and publishes articles on clinical and epidemiological aspects of toxicology, poisonings emergency care, addiction, drug interactions and adverse effects. The journal accepts and welcomes high quality papers in the form of original articles and rarely review articles, case reports and scientific letters relevant to medical practice in toxicology.
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