格陵兰冰盖降雨气候学,极端和大气河流急流

IF 2.3 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
Jason E. Box, Kristian P. Nielsen, Xiaohua Yang, Masashi Niwano, Adrien Wehrlé, Dirk van As, Xavier Fettweis, Morten A. Ø. Køltzow, Bolli Palmason, Robert S. Fausto, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Baojuan Huai, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Kirsty Langley, Armin Dachauer, Brice Noël
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引用次数: 2

摘要

格陵兰岛的降雨已经成为气候变化指标和各种新出现的冰冻圈影响的焦点。本研究首先评估了五个最先进的数值预测系统(CARRA, ERA5, NHM - SMAP, RACMO, MAR)的降雨量,使用了从陆地到冰盖的两个区域的原位降雨数据。新的欧盟哥白尼气候变化服务(C3S)北极区域再分析(CARRA)具有相对较细(2.5 km)的水平网格间距和广泛的模式域内观测初始化,相对于现场数据具有最低的平均偏差和最高的解释方差。与CARRA相比,ERA5内陆湿偏差与实地数据和其他研究一致,可能是由于ERA5地形平滑。根据1991-2021年的CARRA气候学,冰盖及其周边冰盖的降雨量增加了三分之一以上。CARRA和现场数据显示了极端(每天300毫米以上)的当地降雨事件。对CARRA数据的详细检查揭示了质量守恒的相互作用,这种相互作用使南格陵兰岛周围的水流分裂,而冷凝浮力的产生维持了海拔2公里以上的沿流上升气流“急流”,这在与格陵兰岛相互作用的大气河流中产生了雨带。CARRA解决了由海上浮力引起的重力波振荡,然后由地形强迫隆起放大。在一个详细的案例研究中,CARRA解决了地形上降雨增强的系数高达四倍,这与现场数据一致。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids

Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids

Greenland rainfall has come into focus as a climate change indicator and from a variety of emerging cryospheric impacts. This study first evaluates rainfall in five state-of-the-art numerical prediction systems (NPSs) (CARRA, ERA5, NHM-SMAP, RACMO, MAR) using in situ rainfall data from two regions spanning from land onto the ice sheet. The new EU Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Arctic Regional ReAnalysis (CARRA), with a relatively fine (2.5 km) horizontal grid spacing and extensive within-model-domain observational initialization, has the lowest average bias and highest explained variance relative to the field data. ERA5 inland wet bias versus CARRA is consistent with the field data and other research and is presumably due to more ERA5 topographic smoothing. A CARRA climatology 1991–2021 has rainfall increasing by more than one-third for the ice sheet and its peripheral ice masses. CARRA and in situ data illuminate extreme (above 300 mm per day) local rainfall episodes. A detailed examination CARRA data reveals the interplay of mass conservation that splits flow around southern Greenland and condensational buoyancy generation that maintains along-flow updraft ‘rapids’ 2 km above sea level, which produce rain bands within an atmospheric river interacting with Greenland. CARRA resolves gravity wave oscillations that initiate as a result of buoyancy offshore, which then amplify from terrain-forced uplift. In a detailed case study, CARRA resolves orographic intensification of rainfall by up to a factor of four, which is consistent with the field data.

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来源期刊
Meteorological Applications
Meteorological Applications 地学-气象与大气科学
CiteScore
5.70
自引率
3.70%
发文量
62
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The aim of Meteorological Applications is to serve the needs of applied meteorologists, forecasters and users of meteorological services by publishing papers on all aspects of meteorological science, including: applications of meteorological, climatological, analytical and forecasting data, and their socio-economic benefits; forecasting, warning and service delivery techniques and methods; weather hazards, their analysis and prediction; performance, verification and value of numerical models and forecasting services; practical applications of ocean and climate models; education and training.
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