Gut-brain axis and the risk of autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a complex group of developmental pathologies characterized by the disorders of social interaction and communication, along with repetitive restrictive behavior. Many factors are associated with the development of ASD, including genetic and environmental factors such as nutritional deficiencies, infections, immune system dysfunctions, and allergies. The human gut microbiome is composed of communities of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that influence the central nervous system (CNS). Dysbiosis is defined as an imbalance or maladaptation in the gut microbial community which favors many pathological states and may be associated with some diseases. The changes in microbiota composition in children with ASD may contribute to both gastrointestinal and CNS symptoms. The disorders of the gut-brain axis signaling appear to affect neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism and ASD. The prevention and treatment of dysbiosis in ASD involves modification of the gut microbiome using the supplementation with probiotics – a live active culture.