Non-local gradients in bounded domains motivated by continuum mechanics: Fundamental theorem of calculus and embeddings

Abstract In this article, we develop a new set of results based on a non-local gradient jointly inspired by the Riesz s s -fractional gradient and peridynamics, in the sense that its integration domain depends on a ball of radius δ > 0 \delta \gt 0 (horizon of interaction among particles, in the terminology of peridynamics), while keeping at the same time the singularity of the Riesz potential in its integration kernel. Accordingly, we define a functional space suitable for non-local models in calculus of variations and partial differential equations. Our motivation is to develop the proper functional analysis framework to tackle non-local models in continuum mechanics, which requires working with bounded domains, while retaining the good mathematical properties of Riesz s s -fractional gradients. This functional space is defined consistently with Sobolev and Bessel fractional ones: we consider the closure of smooth functions under the natural norm obtained as the sum of the L p {L}^{p} norms of the function and its non-local gradient. Among the results showed in this investigation, we highlight a non-local version of the fundamental theorem of calculus (namely, a representation formula where a function can be recovered from its non-local gradient), which allows us to prove inequalities in the spirit of Poincaré, Morrey, Trudinger, and Hardy as well as the corresponding compact embeddings. These results are enough to show the existence of minimizers of general energy functionals under the assumption of convexity. Equilibrium conditions in this non-local situation are also established, and those can be viewed as a new class of non-local partial differential equations in bounded domains.