Notes on the architecture and history of the fortifications of the island of Arwad in Syria

Arwad is the only inhabited island off the Syrian coast, with a long history dating back to Phoenician times (c. 2000 BC). It is a pedestrian-only island with a medieval character and interesting military architecture, and includes not one, but two very well-preserved citadels and the remains of a maritime wall, a rare combination in medieval military architecture. Despite its unique medieval layout, few studies have been published on Arwad’s fortifications and its interesting urban configuration. The densely packed houses opening onto a web of alleys encircling the forts, with sea waves pounding the shores, only add to the mystery and magic of the place. This paper aims to discuss some of the most interesting features of Arwad’s extant fortifications, provide an analysis of some of their architectural details, and suggest a preliminary date. The paper is divided into four sections and a conclusion, including an introduction to the history of Arwad; a description of its extant fortifications; and an analysis of its most significant architectural details. Finally, a date for the fortifications will be suggested based on the historical and stylistic analyses presented in previous sections.