Contrasting mobilities of locals, expatriates and international tourists in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: insights into transport and tourism development in the Global South

ABSTRACT Urban mobility is a major worldwide challenge. Increased urbanization of the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, and its increased attractiveness to business travellers and cultural tourists have not been matched by adequate improved and sustainable urban transport provision. An analysis of the different mobilities of local residents, expatriates and international tourists and of their perceptions of the character and quality of urban transport provision highlights considerable use of private cars, old buses and informal travel arrangements, which in conjunction with the quality and limited degree of investment in transport infrastructure (roads, pavements, traffic lanes) contribute to an inefficient, ineffectual and unsustainable transport system, serious problems of congestion and pollution, and a need for careful planning.