Recent advances in micro/nanoscale intracellular delivery

Intracellular delivery enables the efficient drug delivery into various types of cells and has been a long-term studied topics in modern biotechnology. Targeted delivery with improved delivery efficacy requires considerable requirements. This process is a critical step in many cellular-level studies, such as cellular drug therapy, gene editing delivery, and a series of biomedical research applications. The emergence of micro- and nanotechnology has enabled the more accurate and dedicated intracellular delivery, and it is expected to be the next generation of controlled delivery with unprecedented flexibility. This review focuses on several represented micro- and nanoscale physical approaches for cell membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery and discusses the mechanisms, advantages, and challenges of each approach. We believe that the deeper understanding of intracellular delivery at such low dimension would help the research community to develop more powerful delivery technologies for biomedical applications.