“工人只有通过自己的双手才能解放自己”——贝鲁特工业区工人委员会的政治经验(1970-1975)

IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
Rossana Tufaro
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引用次数: 0

摘要

从1960年代末到内战爆发(1975年),黎巴嫩经历了一个相对持续的工业扩张阶段。尽管“繁荣”并没有显著地改变黎巴嫩的三化经济结构,但它无论如何都足以为一个新的激进工人阶级的出现创造结构性条件,这个工人阶级有能力成为当时最具争议性的行动者之一。这个新的工人阶级主要是由非常年轻的、最近城市化的农村失业人口组成的,他们被残酷地注入了一个原始的、高度剥削的生产周期,在这个周期中,正式的工会在很大程度上是缺席的,或者几乎不起作用。在黎巴嫩资本主义矛盾产生的更广泛的“革命阶级”激进渗透过程的框架内,黎巴嫩共产主义行动组织(organization for Communist Action in Lebanon, OACL),即所谓的黎巴嫩新左派中最重要的力量,向以工厂为基础的工人委员会的基层越界组织提供了输入。这创造了一个先决条件,使委员会不仅可以肯定自己是黎巴嫩劳工运动的激进先锋派,而且还可以肯定自己是由该国正在经历的结构和文化变化所产生或激发的下层群体对现有现状进行辩论的更广泛进程的组成部分。通过检索被遗忘的工人委员会的历史,本文想要考察这样一个新的工人阶级成为这一过程的组成部分的形式和轨迹。特别是,通过采用葛兰西的方法,文章将首先揭示黎巴嫩工业部门在审查期间的结构变化及其对劳工的影响。然后,它将集中讨论取代委员会的诞生和肯定的动力,并特别注意美洲国家协调委员会所发挥的作用。最后,报告将审查其机构对该国正在经历的政治发展的影响。本文认为,反霸权和变革的工人阶级行动主义在内战前夕的出现和肯定,以及代表结构压力和约束的直接副产品,也是阿拉伯新左派的出现有助于普及和部署的新意识形态和战斗基础设施的重要欠债者。本文还想介入关于黎巴嫩内战的史学辩论,强调次要角色和阶级现象在其爆发中的重要性,这些通常被对冲突的主流理解所广泛忽视。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
“Workers do not liberate themselves other than with their own hands”—The Political Experience of Workers' Committees in the Industrial District of Beirut (1970–1975)
From the end of the 1960s until the outbreak of the Civil War (1975), Lebanon experienced a phase of relatively sustained industrial expansion. Albeit the “boom” did not modify significantly Lebanon's tertiarized economic structure, it was anyway sufficient to create the structural conditions for the emergence of a new militant working-class able to become one of the most relevant contentious actors of its time. This new working class was made primarily of very young and recently urbanized unemployed of rural origin, brutally injected in a crude and hyper-exploitative productive cycle where formal labor unions were, for the most part, absent or scarcely effective. The input for their grassroots, transgressive organization into factory-based Workers’ Committees came from the Organization for Communist Action in Lebanon (OACL), i.e. the most important force of the so-called Lebanese New Left, within the framework of a broader process of militant penetration of the “revolutionary classes” produced by the contradictions of Lebanese capitalism. This created the precondition for the Committees to affirm themselves not only as the radical avant-garde of the Lebanese labor movement but also as an integral part of a broader process of contestation of the existing status quo by the subaltern groups emerged from - or activated by - the structural and cultural changes that the country was experiencing. By retrieving the forgotten history of the Workers’ Committees, the article wants to examine the forms and the trajectories whereby such a new working class became an integral part of this process. In particular, by adopting a Gramscian methodology, the article will first expose the structural changes in the Lebanese industrial sector in the examined period and their labor implications. Then, it will focus on the dynamics which superseded the Committees' birth and affirmation, reserving particular attention to the role played by the OACL. Finally, it will conclude by examining the impact of their agency on the political developments that the country was experiencing. The paper contends that the emergence and the affirmation of counter-hegemonical and transformative working-class activism on the eve of the Civil War, along with representing a direct by-product of structural stresses and constraints, was significantly debtor also of the new ideological and militant infrastructures that the emergence of an Arab New Left had contributed to popularize and deploy. The paper wants also to intervene in the historiographical debate on the Lebanese Civil War, stressing the importance of both subaltern actors and class phenomena in its outbreak, which have generally been widely disregarded by the dominant understandings of the conflict.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
10
期刊介绍: ILWCH has an international reputation for scholarly innovation and quality. It explores diverse topics from globalisation and workers’ rights to class and consumption, labour movements, class identities and cultures, unions, and working-class politics. ILWCH publishes original research, review essays, conference reports from around the world, and an acclaimed scholarly controversy section. Comparative and cross-disciplinary, the journal is of interest to scholars in history, sociology, political science, labor studies, global studies, and a wide range of other fields and disciplines. Published for International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc.
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