在大型淡水湖中,强烈的热分层降低了声遥测的探测效率和探测范围

IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Yulong Kuai, N. Klinard, A. Fisk, T. Johnson, E. Halfyard, D. Webber, Stephanie J. Smedbol, M. Wells
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引用次数: 2

摘要

背景声学遥测技术在鱼类探测中的成功应用取决于对控制声学范围的因素的理解。水中的声速主要是密度的函数,而淡水湖的密度主要由温度驱动。五大湖强烈的季节性热分层代表了任何水生系统中最陡峭的声速梯度。这种声音梯度的速度可以折射声波,从而导致声学信号的更大发散,并因此导致更快速的衰减。声音衰减的变化改变了遥测阵列的探测范围,从而影响了监测鱼类的能力。我们使用来自V9和V16 Vecco声学鱼类标签哨兵阵列的3个月数据,以及温度剖面记录,来确定分层变化如何影响安大略湖东部的声学范围。结果我们对安大略湖声学遥测阵列的数据进行了解释,表明声学探测效率和范围的变化与热分层引起的声速梯度的变化密切相关。穿越跃层的最陡声速梯度为10.38 m/s−1/m,出现在夏末,这导致水柱顶部和底部之间的声速差大于60 m/s。穿过温跃层传输的V9标签的声学范围可能从 > 650米到350米,而更强大的V16标签的射程从 > 650米至450米。相反,我们发现,当声源和接收器都在温跃层以下传输时,即使声速梯度的强度发生变化,范围也没有变化。结论热分层的变化在五大湖地区经常发生,时间跨度在几个月到几天之间。当鱼类在温跃层上移动时,与未分级的条件相比,声学范围可以减少50%。我们建议研究人员在配置接收器位置时考虑热分层对声学遥测的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
Background The successful use of acoustic telemetry to detect fish hinges on understanding the factors that control the acoustic range. The speed-of-sound in water is primarily a function of density, and in freshwater lakes density is primarily driven by temperature. The strong seasonal thermal stratification in the Great Lakes represent some of the steepest sound speed gradients in any aquatic system. Such speed-of-sound gradients can refract sound waves leading to greater divergence of acoustic signal, and hence more rapid attenuation. The changes in sound attenuation change the detection range of a telemetry array and hence influence the ability to monitor fish. We use 3 months of data from a sentinel array of V9 and V16 Vemco acoustic fish tags, and a record of temperature profiles to determine how changes in stratification influence acoustic range in eastern Lake Ontario. Result We interpret data from an acoustic telemetry array in Lake Ontario to show that changes in acoustic detection efficiency and range correlate strongly with changes in sound speed gradients due to thermal stratification. The steepest sound speed gradients of 10.38 m s −1 /m crossing the thermocline occurred in late summer, which caused the sound speed difference between the top and bottom of the water column to be greater than 60 m/s. V9 tags transmitting across the thermocline could have their acoustic range reduced from > 650 m to 350 m, while the more powerful V16 tags had their range reduced from > 650 m to 450 m. In contrast we found that when the acoustic source and receiver were both transmitting below thermocline there was no change in range, even as the strength of sound speed gradient varied. Conclusion Changes in thermal stratification occur routinely in the Great Lakes, on timescales between months and days. The acoustic range can be reduced by as much as 50% compared to unstratified conditions when fish move across the thermocline. We recommend that researchers consider the influences of thermal stratification to acoustic telemetry when configuring receiver position.
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来源期刊
Animal Biotelemetry
Animal Biotelemetry Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Animal Science and Zoology
CiteScore
4.20
自引率
11.10%
发文量
33
审稿时长
10 weeks
期刊介绍: Animal Biotelemetry is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes the results of studies utilizing telemetric techniques (including biologgers) to understand physiological, behavioural, and ecological mechanisms in a broad range of environments (e.g. terrestrial, freshwater and marine) and taxa. The journal also welcomes descriptions and validations of newly developed tagging techniques and tracking technologies, as well as methods for analyzing telemetric data.
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