The biology of IncI2 plasmids shown by whole-plasmid multi-locus sequence typing

IncI2 type plasmids are medium-sized (~55–80 kb) conjugative plasmids that have been found carrying important antimicrobial resistance genes but have also been frequently found as cryptic plasmids. The DNA sequences for 147 fully sequenced IncI2 plasmids were studied by a whole-plasmid multi-locus sequence typing (wpMLST) scheme. A total of 171 loci were identified of which 52 were considered core (carried by greater than 95% of the plasmids). Most of the plasmids carrying the antimicrobial gene mcr-1 were in a distinct clade while most of the antimicrobial gene free plasmids were more distantly related. However, the host strains of bacteria were disparate for both groups of plasmids, showing that conjugal transfer of IncI2 plasmid is frequent. The mcr-1 gene was likely to have been introduced into IncI2 plasmids multiple times. It was also observed that the genes for conjugation showed significant linkage disequilibrium despite substantial diversity for most of those genes. Genes associated with biofilm formation were also among the core genes. The core genes can be considered the cohesive unit that defines the IncI2 plasmid group. Given the role conjugation can play in biofilm formation, it was concluded that conjugation is an active survival strategy for IncI2 plasmids. The IncI2 plasmid will have selective advantage when the plasmid-bearing bacteria are introduced to a new animal host that carries potential conjugal mates.