Types of cultural property and their protection under International Criminal Law

Summary In this article we analyze the forms of protection of distinct types of cultural heritage under International Criminal Law. Initially, we introduce the concept of categorization of cultural heritage into types, and review its historical development. The main focus is on the present day approach to the protection based on human rights, which builds heavily on the link between a certain type of cultural heritage and a community or individual. Later, we examine the possible ways to prosecute attacks against cultural heritage under International Criminal Law. Our analysis demonstrates, that the attacks against cultural heritage may, under various circumstances, fall under the category of war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide. We support our conclusions by jurisprudence arguments from case law treating the prosecution of destruction of cultural heritage under International Criminal Law.