Early Cretaceous monsoonal upwelling along the northern margin of the Gondwana continent: Evidence from radiolarian cherts

Radiolarian-bearing cherts are widely exposed in the volcanic-sedimentary sequences associated with the Purang ophiolitic mélange in the western segment of the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone. Highly diverse and well preserved Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Hauterivian) radiolarian assemblages that correlate to the Cecrops septemporatus Zone occur in bedded cherts in the Peiersanggangmu section of the southern Purang ophiolitic mélange. Fifty-five species belonging to 38 genera, including characteristic species: Archaeodictyomitra apiarium (Rüst), Cecrops septemporatus (Parona), Hemicryptocapsa capita Tan, Pseudodictyomitra carpatica (Lozyniak), and Svinitzium pseudopuga Dumitrica, have been recognized.

Geochemistry of the cherts reveals high SiO₂ contents (average: 92.23 wt%), Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) ratios, and low La_N/Ce_N ratios. Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized rare earth element (REE) abundance patterns exhibit moderately positive Ce anomalies (mean Ce/Ce* =1.35) with relative enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs). These features are indicative of deposition in an oceanic basin close to a continental margin environment. Lithological characteristics and geochemical results suggest that the paleogeographical location for these radiolarian-bearing bedded cherts closely matches northern regions of the Indian continent, where existed enhanced upwelling activity and surface mixing resulting from monsoon activities.