“什么是作者?”:批判性安全研究中对作者和权威的批判性思考&引论

IF 1.8 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Tina Managhan, Dan Bulley
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本期特刊从一些简单的问题开始,这些问题在艺术、人文和社会科学领域定期提出,包括在关键安全研究(CSS)和关键国际关系(IR)中。然而,它们足够重要,可以在关键时刻反复摆出姿势。什么是作家?“作者”形象在当代CSS中扮演什么角色?与作者并肩或反对作者的主张如何巩固或削弱该领域研究、论点、主张和声明的权威?当它对基础作者及其性别化、种族化假设的依赖受到质疑时,它对一个试图挑战、破坏和推翻权威主张的领域做了什么?米歇尔·福柯(Michel Foucault)著名地声称,在西方文化中,作者是一个“意识形态人物”,因为通过提及“作者”,作者作品中固有的、语言中固有的意义的扩散就停止了(福柯1984,118-119)。作者的文化功能是提供连贯性,个性化,中和文本内部和文本之间的矛盾和失误。例如,当我们讨论什么最能代表作者的作品,什么不是,或者作者的作品可能发生了什么“转折”,例如“政治”、“美学”或“伦理转折”时,这一点就很明显了。当我们援引作者的“权威”,进而表示我们自己和/或其他人属于某个特定的知识群体或“学派”时,这一点在我们的引用实践中也很明显。虽然这些见解说明了质疑作者和权威的重要性,但它们也指出,当这项工作的结果是,一个知识界的一个或多个典型人物被违背当代情感的原则重读时,即使不是违背该群体的道德承诺,也可能会出现尖锐的问题。CSS的当代争议充分证明了这一点,包括对福柯性行为不端的指控和对哥本哈根学派的种族主义指控,后者被一些人解释为对该学派作者和知识权威的攻击。这两个争议都重新引发了关于谁的声音享有特权,谁的声音被边缘化的辩论,不仅在CSS中,而且在更广泛的知识生产中——简而言之,在我们世界的作者中。当然,福柯不同程度地抵制这些和其他秩序实践的强加——不知疲倦地展示了真理主张和知识与权力的叠加,同时他的行为和思想引发了争议。Erzsebet Strausz对本期特刊的贡献很好地说明了这一点,因为它探讨了福柯作为一名作家的不一致性和狡猾性。也许这种对秩序实践的抵制也提供了福柯对CSS最重要的贡献。与后结构主义、批判性建构主义和女权主义思想家一样,福柯的作品也为IR和安全研究中更广泛的持不同政见者运动奠定了基础,这场运动不那么受制于既定的理论传统和所谓的安全与解放的“宏大”叙事。随着CSS的出现
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
‘What is an author?’: critical reflections on authors and authority in critical security studies – introduction
This special issue starts from some simple questions, questions that are periodically raised throughout the arts, humanities and social sciences, including in Critical Security Studies (CSS) and critical International Relations (IR). Yet they are important enough to be repeatedly re-posed at key moments. What is an author? What role does the ‘author’ figure perform in contemporary CSS? How do claims made alongside or against an author undergird or undercut the authority of research, arguments, claims and statements in the field? What does it do to a field that sought to challenge, disrupt and overturn authority claims when its own reliance on foundational authors and their gendered, racialised assumptions is called into question? Michel Foucault famously claimed that in Western culture, the author serves as an ‘ideological figure’ insofar as it is via reference to ‘the author’ that the proliferation of meanings inherent to an author’s work, inherent to language, stops (Foucault 1984, 118–119). The cultural function of the author is to provide coherence, to individualise and to neutralise contradictions and slippages within and between texts. This is evident, for example, when we debate what is most representative of an author’s work and what is not, or what ‘turns’ an author’s work may have taken, such as a ‘political’, ‘aesthetic’ or ‘ethical turn’. It is also evident in what is presupposed in our citational practices when we invoke an author’s ‘authority’ and, in turn, signify our own and/or others belonging to a particular intellectual community or ‘school’. While such insights speak to the importance of questioning authors and authority, they also point to the acute problems that can arise when, as a result of this work, one or more of the canonical figures of an intellectual community is reread against the grain of contemporary sensibilities, if not the ethical commitments of that community. This has been well evidenced by contemporary controversies in CSS – including those resulting from accusations of sexual misconduct against Foucault and those of racism against the Copenhagen School, the latter of which have been interpreted by some as an assault on the authors and intellectual authority of that School. Both controversies have reinvigorated debates about whose voices have been privileged and whose have been marginalised not only in CSS but in the production of knowledge more generally – in short, in the authorship of our world. Foucault, of course, variously resisted the imposition of these and other ordering practices – tirelessly illustrating the imbrication of truth claims and knowledge with power, whilst provoking controversy with his conduct and ideas. This is beautifully illustrated by Erzsebet Strausz’s contribution to this special issue, as it explores the inconsistency and slipperiness of Foucault as an author. And perhaps this resistance to ordering practices also provides Foucault’s most vital contribution to CSS. Alongside post-structuralist, critical constructivist and feminist thinkers, Foucault’s work helped to lay the groundwork for a broader dissident movement in IR and Security Studies – one less beholden to established theoretical traditions and the so-called ‘grand’ narratives of security and emancipation. With the emergence of CSS, the questions of ‘Security for
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