Movement disorders.

The term movement disorders encompasses a wide range of conditions that cause abnormal movements. This review discusses hypokinetic movement disorders, including bradykinesia, akinesia, akinetic rigid syndrome, and Parkinsonism, an akinetic rigid syndrome that is one of the most common of all the movement disorders which is most often a manifestation of Parkinson disease (PD). The review looks at the epidemiology, etiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of PD. Other parkinsonian syndromes include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, multiple system atrophy, vascular parkinsonism, normal pressure hydrocephalus, drug-induced parkinsonism, and dementia associated with Parkinson disease. Hyperkinetic movement disorders include tremor, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and chorea. They include Huntington disease, Wilson disease, tardive dyskinesia, Tourette syndrome, and essential tremor. Figures in this review include examples of generalized dystonia, moderate parkinson disease, affected handwriting, Kayser-Fleischer ring, cervical dystonia, head deviation, and writer's cramp. Tables provide clinical definitions, clues to drug-induced parkinsonism, and a list of drugs that can cause parkinsonism. This review contains 129 references.