Employing the Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) with Physical Environmental Factors in Baling, Kedah through GIS Analysis

On July 4, 2022, Sungai Kupang, Baling, Kedah experienced a devastating flood that caused 3 fatalities, destroyed or damaged 17 houses, affected 3,546 residents, and resulted in losses estimated at RM25.91 million. The flood was triggered by heavy rainfall in the highland area, which caused multiple landslides to occur simultaneously. The landslides led to a debris flow phenomenon in four main river branches, ultimately resulting in a tragic debris and mud flood in the lowlands and downstream villages. The aim of this study is to analyze the location of flash flood occurrences in Baling and to estimate the likelihood of flash floods based on the identified land physical factors. This study also identifies the critical area of Baling basin that have high potential for a flash flood and evaluates the effectiveness and applicability of the FFPI model compared with historical flood events and remote sensing imagery which have occurred in the few watersheds area. The FFPI model, which was created for the first time in 2003, is used in this study to analyze the flash flood that occurred in Baling by considering slope, land cover, soil data, and vegetation. The FFPI technique is applied in five scenarios to determine the flash flood potential, and the value used is also based on the references. A value of 1 on the index denotes a minimal probability of flash floods, while a value of 10 indicates the highest probability. Based on the findings, the study area had a high possibility of having a flash flood at an index value of 7. The danger level of a severe flash flood is present throughout the research region in all scenarios when the value is more than 50%. The outcome is then utilized to do comparisons using historical information on flash floods and their hotspots area, as well as utilizing satellite imagery to determine the true scale of the flood. This is also important to reduce the impact of floods occurrence in the same place as well managing risk and to plan for disaster-mitigation operations.