Élites tarapaqueñas y migrantes chilenos: criminalización, delitos y rebeldías en el Iquique peruano: 1870-1879

espanolEste trabajo explora una etapa temprana de la historia social de Iquique: los anos previos a la Guerra del Pacifico y la ultima etapa de la soberania peruana, periodo caracterizado por el crecimiento acelerado de la industria salitrera y del puerto de Iquique. En los anos estudiados, la provincia recibio una gran cantidad de inmigrantes chilenos, principalmente peones de la zona central del pais, quienes experimentaban una temprana fase de transicion al trabajo asalariado. En la ciudad desplegaron multiples formas de rebeldias contra el orden urbano de las elites tarapaquenas. Estas ultimas pretendian convertir a Iquique en una ciudad moderna, funcional a la acumulacion de capital, para lo cual intentaron incrementar el control social sobre el espacio urbano y sus habitantes. Este articulo reivindica el conflicto social entre los sectores populares urbanos y las elites citadinas como un importante factor de desarrollo urbano. A traves del estudio de fuentes primarias se hace una aproximacion a la sociedad del periodo en cuestion, analizando las diversas variables que se articulan en torno al conflicto social y evaluando su impacto en la configuracion de la ciudad. EnglishThis article explores an early moment in the social history of Iquique: the years prior to the War of the Pacific and the last stage of Peruvian sovereignty, which was a period characterized by the vertiginous growth of the saltpetre (nitrate) industry and the port of Iquique. In the years studied, the province received a large number of Chilean migrants. These were mainly laborers from the central region of Chile who were experiencing an early phase of the labor transition towards salaried employment. In the city, they adopted various forms of rebelliousness against the urban order of the ruling classes of the province of Tarapaca. The latter had been aiming to convert Iquique into a modern city that could respond to the needs of capital accumulation, and for this purpose they had tried to increase their social control over the urban space and its inhabitants. This article underlines how the social conflict between popular urban sectors and city elites was an important factor in urban development. The study of primary sources offers a depiction of the society of the period in question and provides an opportunity to analyze the variables linked to the social conflict and their impact on the configuration of the city.