Compositional and geothermobarometric analysis of the Upper Miocene tholeiitic volcanic products in the northern Andes at 5-6° N latitude: The Combia Volcanic Province

The Combia Volcanic Province (~11-5 Ma), is a volcaniclastic sequence located in northwest Colombia between the Central and Western cordilleras at 5-6° N latitude. Its source is associated with the volcanic activity of the magmatic arc produced by the subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American plate in the northern Andes. The distribution, composition, and chronostratigraphy of the province’s deposits are well-known, with the volcanic sequences characterized as compositionally bimodal. The older rocks (ca. 11-9 Ma) display tholeiitic affinity, whereas the younger (ca. 9-5 Ma) are mostly calc-alkaline, with some adakite-like signature recognized. While the magmatic system for the calc-alkaline magmas has been previously extensively studied, the processes that occurred during the magma stagnation and ascent are unknown for the tholeiitic magmas. This work bridges this gap by the study of tholeiitic lava flows outcropping at the center of the province, through petrography, mineral chemistry, whole-rock analysis, and geothermobarometry calculations of the crystallization conditions. Texturally, the rocks are porphyritic with plagioclase (An50-90) and clinopyroxene (augite and pigeonite) phenocrysts and microphenocrysts, embedded in a glassy and microcrystalline groundmass. Compositionally, the rocks vary from basaltic andesite to andesite (52.8-57.8 wt% SiO2), with relative enrichments of LILE to HFSE and REE to chondrite. Crystallization conditions, based on several plagioclase-melt and pyroxene-melt geothermobarometers, were estimated at T=1,095-1,153 °C and P=0.22-0.60 GPa for the plagioclase, T=1,046-1,131 °C and P=0.09-0.21 GPa for the augite, and T=867-1,039 °C and P=0.40-0.60 GPa for the pigeonite. These results suggest a relatively rapid magma ascent for the tholeiitic products as well as an evolution mostly through fractional crystallization. The LILE elements enrichment, the negative trend in the FeOt, TiO2 and CaO versus SiO2 content, together with some disequilibrium textures, are also evidence of crustal contamination and magma recharge. Thus it is proposed that the Combia Volcanic Province started as a simple magmatic system, where the tholeiitic products were generated by a relatively rapid magma ascent. Then, a more complex magmatic system linked to long-term magma stagnation, allowed melt evolution to form calc-alkaline magmas as previously defined.