Eko Harianto, L. O. Nursalam, F. Ikhsan, Z. Zakaria, D. Damhuri, A. Sejati
{"title":"高中环境学科户外学习应用智能心理学与有意义学习的兼容性","authors":"Eko Harianto, L. O. Nursalam, F. Ikhsan, Z. Zakaria, D. Damhuri, A. Sejati","doi":"10.19184/geosi.v4i2.9903","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The problem in this research relates to the learning theory that rarely considered as a basis in learning in Indonesia. learning plans and syllabus structure in the national curriculum is not included learning theory point. learning theory only has been less studied in the subjects in geography education undergraduate. This makes learning theory material less explored. Learning theory is also often forgotten in educational research undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Many research did not allude to the relevance of learning theory in learning. After graduating, they less develop or linking learning theory with the teaching profession. That condition makes learning essence should be strengthened to become weak or even disappear.This research aims to describe the compatibility when applying outdoor study environment subjects with the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning theory in senior high school. This research used a qualitative methodology with the type of descriptive exploitative research. Data sources are students and geography teachers. The process of collecting data uses the method of observation and interviews. Data were analyzed with the 6 Cresswell's qualitative analyzing steps. The results show that the application of outdoor study is suitable both the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning. The compatibility is reflected in the learning activities, there are: before, during, and after working in the outdoor. The teacher's ability to implement the basis of psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning makes learning more easily understood and meaningful for students. \nKeywords: meaningful learning, outdoor study, psychological theories. \nReferences \nAgra et al. (2019). Analysis of The Cocept of Meaningful Learning in Light of The Ausubel’s Theory. Rev Bras Enferm 72(1), 248-255. \nAnderson, L.W., & Krathwohl, D.R. (2015). Kerangka Landasan untuk Pembelajaran, Pengajaran, dan Asesmen Revisi Taksonomi Pendidikan Bloom (Translate. Priantoro, A.). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. \nArikunto, S. (2016). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. \nArsyad, A. (2014). Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. \nBadakar, C.M et al. (2017). Evaluation of The Relevance of Piaget’s Cognitive Principles among Parented and Orphan Children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Prediatr Dent. 10(4), 356-350. \nBecker et al. (2017). Effects of Regular Classes in Outdoor Education Settings: A Systematic Review on Student’s Learning, Social and Health Dimensions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(5), 485 1-20. \nBoyes, M & Potter, T. (2015). The Application of Recognition-Primed Decision Theory to Decisions Made in An Outdoor Education Contect. Australian of Outdoor Education 18(1), 2-15. \nCooper, A. (2015). Nature and The Outdoor Learning Environtment: The Forgotten Resource in Early Childhood Education. International Journal of Early Chilhood Environmental Education 3(1), 85-97. \nCresswell, J.W. (2016). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. \nDillon, J. et al. (2017). Toward a Convergence between Science and Environmental Education. Abigdon: Taylor & Francis. \nEnsar, f. (2014). How Children Construct Literacy: Piagetian Perspective. International Journal of Secondary Education 2(2), 34-39. \nErika, S. & Satu, U. (2018). Transformational Elements for Learning Outdoors in Finland: A Review of Research Literature. International Journal of Research Studies in Education 7(3), 73-84. \nGilchrist, M., Passy, R., Waite, S. & Cook, R. (2016). Exploring School’s Use of Natural Spaces. Risk,Protection, Provision and Policy 12, 1-24. \nGinsburg, H.P & Opper, S. (2016). Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development. Kennedy: International Psychoterapy Institute E-Books. \nGough, N. (2016). Australian Outdoor (and) Environmental Education Research: Senses of ‘Place’ in Two Constituencies. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 19(2), 1-11. \nGunarsa, S.D. & Nigsih, Y. (2014). Psikologi Perkembangan Anak dan Remaja. Jakarta: PT TBK Gunung Mulia. \nHarsolumakso, A.H et al. (2019). Geology of The Eastern Part of The Volcanic-Kendeng Zone of East Java: Stratigraphy, Structures, and Sedimentation Review from Besuki and Situbondo Areas. Journal of Geology and Mineral Resources 20(3), 143-152. \nHebe, H.N. (2017). Towards a Theory-driveb Integration of Environmental Education: The Application of Piaget and Vygotsky in Grade R. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education 12(6), 1525-1545. \nLevy, D., Peralta, T.M., Pozzi, L., & Tovar, P. (2018). Teachers Multidimensional Role Towards Meaningful Learning: The Potential Value of Interdisciplinary Environments. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6(2), 179-187. \nMiles, B & Mattchow, B. (2015). The Mirror of The Sea: Narrative Identity, Sea Kayak Adventuring and Implications for Outdoor Adventure Education. Australian of Outdoor Education 18(1), 16-26. \nMoleong, L. (2014). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Edisi Revisi. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. \nMuhsin, A., Febriany, L.M., Hidayati, H.N., & Purwanti, Y.D. (2015). Material Bambu sebagai Konstruksi pada Great Hall Eco Campus Outward Bound Indonesia. Jurnal Reka Karsa 3 (3), 1-11. \nPrasetya, S.P. (2014). Media Pembelajaran Geografi. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak. \nRowe, N., Dadswell, R., Mudie, C., & Rauworth, M. (2014). Tall Ships Today: Their Remarkable Story. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. \nSejati et al. (2017). The effect of Outdoor Study on the Geography Scientific Research Writing Ability to Construct Student Character in Senior High School. Social Sience, Education, and Humanities Research 100, 104-108. \nSpillman, D. (2017). Coming Home to Place: Aboriginal Lore and Place-Responsive Pedagogy for Transformative Learning in Australian Outdoor Education. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 20(1), 14-24. \nSudjana, N. & Rivai, A. (2015). Media Pengajaran Cetakan Ke-12 . Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo. \nSumarmi. (2015). Model-model Pembelajaran Geografi. Malang: Aditya Media Publishing. \nThomas, G.J. (2019). Effective Teaching and Learning Strategies in Outdoor Education: Findings from Two Residential Programmes Based in Australia. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 19(3), 242-255. \nVoogt, J. & Knezek, G. (2015). Guest Editorial: Technology Enhanced Quality Education for All-Outcomes from EDUsummIT 2015. Educational Technology & Society 19(3), 1-4. \nZhou, M. & Brown, D. (2015). Educational Learning Theories: 2nd Edition.Georgina: Galileo Open Learning Materials. \n \nCopyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember \n This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License","PeriodicalId":33276,"journal":{"name":"Geosfera Indonesia","volume":"1075 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"17","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"THE COMPATIBILITY OF OUTDOOR STUDY APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUBJECT USING PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE AND MEANINGFUL LEARNING IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL\",\"authors\":\"Eko Harianto, L. O. Nursalam, F. Ikhsan, Z. Zakaria, D. Damhuri, A. Sejati\",\"doi\":\"10.19184/geosi.v4i2.9903\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The problem in this research relates to the learning theory that rarely considered as a basis in learning in Indonesia. learning plans and syllabus structure in the national curriculum is not included learning theory point. learning theory only has been less studied in the subjects in geography education undergraduate. This makes learning theory material less explored. Learning theory is also often forgotten in educational research undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Many research did not allude to the relevance of learning theory in learning. After graduating, they less develop or linking learning theory with the teaching profession. That condition makes learning essence should be strengthened to become weak or even disappear.This research aims to describe the compatibility when applying outdoor study environment subjects with the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning theory in senior high school. This research used a qualitative methodology with the type of descriptive exploitative research. Data sources are students and geography teachers. The process of collecting data uses the method of observation and interviews. Data were analyzed with the 6 Cresswell's qualitative analyzing steps. The results show that the application of outdoor study is suitable both the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning. The compatibility is reflected in the learning activities, there are: before, during, and after working in the outdoor. The teacher's ability to implement the basis of psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning makes learning more easily understood and meaningful for students. \\nKeywords: meaningful learning, outdoor study, psychological theories. \\nReferences \\nAgra et al. (2019). Analysis of The Cocept of Meaningful Learning in Light of The Ausubel’s Theory. Rev Bras Enferm 72(1), 248-255. \\nAnderson, L.W., & Krathwohl, D.R. (2015). Kerangka Landasan untuk Pembelajaran, Pengajaran, dan Asesmen Revisi Taksonomi Pendidikan Bloom (Translate. Priantoro, A.). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. \\nArikunto, S. (2016). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. \\nArsyad, A. (2014). Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. \\nBadakar, C.M et al. (2017). Evaluation of The Relevance of Piaget’s Cognitive Principles among Parented and Orphan Children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Prediatr Dent. 10(4), 356-350. \\nBecker et al. (2017). Effects of Regular Classes in Outdoor Education Settings: A Systematic Review on Student’s Learning, Social and Health Dimensions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(5), 485 1-20. \\nBoyes, M & Potter, T. (2015). The Application of Recognition-Primed Decision Theory to Decisions Made in An Outdoor Education Contect. Australian of Outdoor Education 18(1), 2-15. \\nCooper, A. (2015). Nature and The Outdoor Learning Environtment: The Forgotten Resource in Early Childhood Education. International Journal of Early Chilhood Environmental Education 3(1), 85-97. \\nCresswell, J.W. (2016). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. \\nDillon, J. et al. (2017). Toward a Convergence between Science and Environmental Education. Abigdon: Taylor & Francis. \\nEnsar, f. (2014). How Children Construct Literacy: Piagetian Perspective. International Journal of Secondary Education 2(2), 34-39. \\nErika, S. & Satu, U. (2018). Transformational Elements for Learning Outdoors in Finland: A Review of Research Literature. International Journal of Research Studies in Education 7(3), 73-84. \\nGilchrist, M., Passy, R., Waite, S. & Cook, R. (2016). Exploring School’s Use of Natural Spaces. Risk,Protection, Provision and Policy 12, 1-24. \\nGinsburg, H.P & Opper, S. (2016). Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development. Kennedy: International Psychoterapy Institute E-Books. \\nGough, N. (2016). Australian Outdoor (and) Environmental Education Research: Senses of ‘Place’ in Two Constituencies. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 19(2), 1-11. \\nGunarsa, S.D. & Nigsih, Y. (2014). Psikologi Perkembangan Anak dan Remaja. Jakarta: PT TBK Gunung Mulia. \\nHarsolumakso, A.H et al. (2019). Geology of The Eastern Part of The Volcanic-Kendeng Zone of East Java: Stratigraphy, Structures, and Sedimentation Review from Besuki and Situbondo Areas. Journal of Geology and Mineral Resources 20(3), 143-152. \\nHebe, H.N. (2017). Towards a Theory-driveb Integration of Environmental Education: The Application of Piaget and Vygotsky in Grade R. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education 12(6), 1525-1545. \\nLevy, D., Peralta, T.M., Pozzi, L., & Tovar, P. (2018). Teachers Multidimensional Role Towards Meaningful Learning: The Potential Value of Interdisciplinary Environments. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6(2), 179-187. \\nMiles, B & Mattchow, B. (2015). The Mirror of The Sea: Narrative Identity, Sea Kayak Adventuring and Implications for Outdoor Adventure Education. Australian of Outdoor Education 18(1), 16-26. \\nMoleong, L. (2014). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Edisi Revisi. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. \\nMuhsin, A., Febriany, L.M., Hidayati, H.N., & Purwanti, Y.D. (2015). Material Bambu sebagai Konstruksi pada Great Hall Eco Campus Outward Bound Indonesia. Jurnal Reka Karsa 3 (3), 1-11. \\nPrasetya, S.P. (2014). Media Pembelajaran Geografi. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak. \\nRowe, N., Dadswell, R., Mudie, C., & Rauworth, M. (2014). Tall Ships Today: Their Remarkable Story. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. \\nSejati et al. (2017). The effect of Outdoor Study on the Geography Scientific Research Writing Ability to Construct Student Character in Senior High School. Social Sience, Education, and Humanities Research 100, 104-108. \\nSpillman, D. (2017). Coming Home to Place: Aboriginal Lore and Place-Responsive Pedagogy for Transformative Learning in Australian Outdoor Education. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 20(1), 14-24. \\nSudjana, N. & Rivai, A. (2015). Media Pengajaran Cetakan Ke-12 . Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo. \\nSumarmi. (2015). Model-model Pembelajaran Geografi. Malang: Aditya Media Publishing. \\nThomas, G.J. (2019). Effective Teaching and Learning Strategies in Outdoor Education: Findings from Two Residential Programmes Based in Australia. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 19(3), 242-255. \\nVoogt, J. & Knezek, G. (2015). Guest Editorial: Technology Enhanced Quality Education for All-Outcomes from EDUsummIT 2015. Educational Technology & Society 19(3), 1-4. \\nZhou, M. & Brown, D. (2015). 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引用次数: 17
摘要
本研究的问题与学习理论有关,在印度尼西亚很少被认为是学习的基础。学习计划和教学大纲结构在国家课程中没有纳入学习理论要点。学习理论在地理教育本科学科中研究较少。这使得学习理论材料较少被探索。在教育研究、本科和研究生课程中,学习理论也经常被遗忘。许多研究并没有提到学习理论在学习中的相关性。毕业后,他们很少发展或将学习理论与教学职业联系起来。这种情况使得学习本质本应加强而变弱甚至消失。本研究旨在探讨高中学生在户外学习环境中应用智力心理学理论和有意义学习理论的相容性。本研究采用定性研究方法,采用描述性开发研究方法。数据来源为学生和地理教师。收集数据的过程采用观察法和访谈法。采用Cresswell的6个定性分析步骤对数据进行分析。结果表明,户外学习的应用适用于智力心理学理论和有意义学习理论。这种兼容性体现在学习活动上,有:户外工作前、工作中、工作后。教师实施智力和有意义学习的心理学理论基础的能力使学习对学生来说更容易理解和有意义。关键词:有意义学习,户外学习,心理学理论。Agra et al.(2019)。从奥苏贝尔的理论看有意义学习的概念。参考文献72(1),248-255。安德森,l.w.和克拉斯沃尔,D.R.(2015)。Kerangka Landasan untuk Pembelajaran, Pengajaran, dan Asesmen Revisi Taksonomi Pendidikan Bloom(翻译)Priantoro, a)。日惹:Pustaka Pelajar。阿瑞克托,S.(2016)。检察官Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik。雅加达:Rineka Cipta。Arsyad, A.(2014)。媒体Pembelajaran。雅加达:PT Raja Grafindo Persada。Badakar, C.M et al.(2017)。印度卡纳塔克邦Belagavi市有父母儿童和孤儿对皮亚杰认知原则相关性的评价:比较研究。中华动物医学杂志,2011(4),356- 356。Becker et al.(2017)。户外教育环境中定期上课的效果:对学生学习、社会和健康维度的系统回顾。国际环境研究与公共卫生杂志14(5),485 -20。波耶斯,M &波特,T.(2015)。认知启动决策理论在户外教育情境决策中的应用。澳洲户外教育18(1),2-15。库柏,A.(2015)。自然与户外学习环境:幼儿教育中被遗忘的资源。幼儿环境教育学报,3(1),85-97。克雷斯韦尔,J.W.(2016)。研究设计Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan mix。日惹:Pustaka Pelajar。狄龙,J.等人(2017)。科学与环境教育的融合。阿比顿:泰勒和弗朗西斯。恩萨尔,f.(2014)。儿童如何建构读写能力:皮亚杰的视角。国际中等教育学报2(2),34-39。Erika, S. & Satu, U.(2018)。芬兰户外学习的转型要素:研究文献综述。国际教育研究学报,7(3),73-84。吉尔克里斯特,M.,帕西,R.,韦特,S.和库克,R.(2016)。探索学校对自然空间的利用。风险,保护,供应和政策12,1-24。Ginsburg, H.P & Opper, S.(2016)。皮亚杰的智力发展理论。肯尼迪:国际心理治疗协会电子书。高夫,N.(2016)。澳大利亚户外(和)环境教育研究:两个选区的“地方”感。户外与环境教育学报,19(2),1-11。Gunarsa, S.D. & Nigsih, Y.(2014)。心理学家Perkembangan Anak dan Remaja。雅加达:PT TBK Gunung Mulia。Harsolumakso, A.H et al.(2019)。东爪哇火山—肯登带东部地质:Besuki和stunbondo地区的地层、构造和沉积研究地质矿产学报,20(3),143-152。Hebe, H.N.(2017)。基于理论驱动的环境教育整合:Piaget和Vygotsky在r年级的应用[j] .环境与科学教育学报,12(6),1525-1545。Levy, D., Peralta, t.m., Pozzi, L., & Tovar, P.(2018)。教师在有意义学习中的多维角色:跨学科环境的潜在价值。国际创新教育与研究学报6(2),179-187。Miles, B. & Mattchow, B.(2015)。 海之镜:叙事身份,海上皮艇探险和户外探险教育的启示。澳大利亚户外教育18(1),16-26。莫龙,李。(2014)。方法论Penelitian定性分析与修正。万隆:罗斯达里亚先生。Muhsin, A., Febriany, l.m., Hidayati, h.n., & purwananti, Y.D.(2015)。材料Bambu sebagai Konstruksi pada大礼堂生态校园印尼拓展训练。科学通报3(3),1-11。Prasetya, S.P.(2014)。媒体Pembelajaran地理。日惹:Penerbit Ombak。Rowe, N., Dadswell, R., Mudie, C., & Rauworth, M.(2014)。今天的高船:它们非凡的故事。伦敦:Adlard Coles航海公司。Sejati et al.(2017)。户外学习对高中生地理科研写作能力的影响及其对学生性格塑造的影响。社会科学,教育与人文研究,2004,24(4):444 - 444。斯皮尔曼,D.(2017)。回家到地方:土著的爱和地方响应教学法在澳大利亚户外教育变革学习。户外与环境教育学报,20(1),14-24。Sudjana, N.和Rivai, A.(2015)。媒体Pengajaran Cetakan Ke-12。万隆:Sinar Baru Algensindo。Sumarmi。(2015)。模型-模型Pembelajaran地理学。Malang: Aditya Media Publishing。托马斯,G.J.(2019)。户外教育中有效的教学策略:来自澳大利亚两个寄宿项目的研究结果。探险教育与户外学习学报,19(3),242-255。Voogt, J.和Knezek, G.(2015)。嘉宾评论:科技提升全民素质教育教育技术与社会,19(3),1-4。周,M.和布朗,D.(2015)。教育学习理论:第二版。Georgina:伽利略开放学习材料。版权所有(c) 2019 Geosfera印度尼西亚杂志和Jember大学地理教育系本作品采用知识共享署名-共享a like 4.0国际许可协议
THE COMPATIBILITY OF OUTDOOR STUDY APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUBJECT USING PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE AND MEANINGFUL LEARNING IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
The problem in this research relates to the learning theory that rarely considered as a basis in learning in Indonesia. learning plans and syllabus structure in the national curriculum is not included learning theory point. learning theory only has been less studied in the subjects in geography education undergraduate. This makes learning theory material less explored. Learning theory is also often forgotten in educational research undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Many research did not allude to the relevance of learning theory in learning. After graduating, they less develop or linking learning theory with the teaching profession. That condition makes learning essence should be strengthened to become weak or even disappear.This research aims to describe the compatibility when applying outdoor study environment subjects with the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning theory in senior high school. This research used a qualitative methodology with the type of descriptive exploitative research. Data sources are students and geography teachers. The process of collecting data uses the method of observation and interviews. Data were analyzed with the 6 Cresswell's qualitative analyzing steps. The results show that the application of outdoor study is suitable both the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning. The compatibility is reflected in the learning activities, there are: before, during, and after working in the outdoor. The teacher's ability to implement the basis of psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning makes learning more easily understood and meaningful for students.
Keywords: meaningful learning, outdoor study, psychological theories.
References
Agra et al. (2019). Analysis of The Cocept of Meaningful Learning in Light of The Ausubel’s Theory. Rev Bras Enferm 72(1), 248-255.
Anderson, L.W., & Krathwohl, D.R. (2015). Kerangka Landasan untuk Pembelajaran, Pengajaran, dan Asesmen Revisi Taksonomi Pendidikan Bloom (Translate. Priantoro, A.). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Arikunto, S. (2016). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Arsyad, A. (2014). Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Badakar, C.M et al. (2017). Evaluation of The Relevance of Piaget’s Cognitive Principles among Parented and Orphan Children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Prediatr Dent. 10(4), 356-350.
Becker et al. (2017). Effects of Regular Classes in Outdoor Education Settings: A Systematic Review on Student’s Learning, Social and Health Dimensions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(5), 485 1-20.
Boyes, M & Potter, T. (2015). The Application of Recognition-Primed Decision Theory to Decisions Made in An Outdoor Education Contect. Australian of Outdoor Education 18(1), 2-15.
Cooper, A. (2015). Nature and The Outdoor Learning Environtment: The Forgotten Resource in Early Childhood Education. International Journal of Early Chilhood Environmental Education 3(1), 85-97.
Cresswell, J.W. (2016). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Dillon, J. et al. (2017). Toward a Convergence between Science and Environmental Education. Abigdon: Taylor & Francis.
Ensar, f. (2014). How Children Construct Literacy: Piagetian Perspective. International Journal of Secondary Education 2(2), 34-39.
Erika, S. & Satu, U. (2018). Transformational Elements for Learning Outdoors in Finland: A Review of Research Literature. International Journal of Research Studies in Education 7(3), 73-84.
Gilchrist, M., Passy, R., Waite, S. & Cook, R. (2016). Exploring School’s Use of Natural Spaces. Risk,Protection, Provision and Policy 12, 1-24.
Ginsburg, H.P & Opper, S. (2016). Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development. Kennedy: International Psychoterapy Institute E-Books.
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