Patient Denial of Myocardial Infarction in the Prehospital Phase: Prevalence and Correlates.

Background: Limited knowledge exists regarding patients' denial of myocardial infarction (MI) before hospitalization for an MI.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of denial of MI in the prehospital phase of a confirmed MI.

Methods: This secondary analysis included 166 hospitalized patients (mean [SD] age, 54.1 [10.5] years) who developed MI outside a healthcare facility and had high congruence between their experienced and expected symptoms. Measurements included the Denial subscale of the Brief COPE Inventory, the modified Response to Symptoms Questionnaire, and a Likert scale measuring perceived risk for MI. Patients who arrived at a hospital at least 1 hour after the onset of their symptoms were considered to have prolonged prehospital delay.

Results: Despite their high symptom congruence, 77% of patients denied the possibility of having an MI before hospitalization. The lower denial group was characterized by cardiac history, whereas the higher denial group was distinguished by nonsmoking, a lower perceived risk of MI, less anxiety at symptom onset, and more concerns about seeking medical help. Compared with the lower denial group, patients in the higher denial group were more likely to underestimate the seriousness of their symptoms and delay seeking medical help. The higher denial group responded to symptoms in a more passive manner (eg, waiting), whereas the lower denial group showed a more problem-solving approach (eg, contacting emergency services).

Conclusions: Denial of MI is highly prevalent in the prehospital phase and is negatively linked with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to MI symptoms.