Leveraging Data and Digital Health Technologies to Assess and Impact Social Determinants of Health (SDoH): a State-of-the-Art Literature Review.

Objective: Identify how novel datasets and digital health technology, including both analytics-based and artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools, can be used to assess non-clinical, social determinants of health (SDoH) for population health improvement.

Methods: A state-of-the-art literature review with systematic methods was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases and the grey literature to identify recently published articles (2013-2018) for evidence-based qualitative synthesis. Following single review of titles and abstracts, two independent reviewers assessed eligibility of full-texts using predefined criteria and extracted data into predefined templates.

Results: The search yielded 2,714 unique database records of which 65 met inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted retrospectively in a United States community setting. Identity, behavioral, and economic factors were frequently identified social determinants, due to reliance on administrative data. Three main themes were identified: 1) improve access to data and technology with policy - advance the standardization and interoperability of data, and expand consumer access to digital health technologies; 2) leverage data aggregation - enrich SDoH insights using multiple data sources, and use analytics-based and AI-based methods to aggregate data; and 3) use analytics-based and AI-based methods to assess and address SDoH - retrieve SDoH in unstructured and structured data, and provide contextual care management sights and community-level interventions.

Conclusions: If multiple datasets and advanced analytical technologies can be effectively integrated, and consumers have access to and literacy of technology, more SDoH insights can be identified and targeted to improve public health. This study identified examples of AI-based use cases in public health informatics, and this literature is very limited.