{"title":"西非二氧化氮时空变化的卫星观测及其对区域空气质量的影响。","authors":"Ayodeji Oluleye","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210913","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is known to affect human health, causing heart and cardiovascular diseases, and it has been shown that locations with long term NO<sub>2</sub> pollution recorded a high number of fatalities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no ground stations monitoring emissions of NO<sub>2</sub> over West Africa. The present study aimed to use satellite observations to examine pollutant trends over this region.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the trend of NO<sub>2</sub> over the entire West Africa sub region in relationship to contributions to environmental emissions using satellite-derived data. This enables the assessment of West Africa regional air pollution hot spots in relationship to enhancing atmospheric factors. The results from this study will also be useful guidance for setting air quality standards for air pollution controls to minimize health hazards.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study examined thirteen years of average monthly values of nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) to determine the spatio-temporal variation of this pollutant over West Africa. Satellite data for NO<sub>2</sub> between 2005 and 2017 were used to determine the variation in pollution levels over West Africa. Correlations between NO<sub>2</sub> and meteorological variables (wind speed, rainfall and air temperature) were obtained to explain the influence of West African weather on the region's pollution accumulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present study observed that NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations varied from place to place and from season to season. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations during the dry season were higher (sometimes 200% higher) than values observed in the wet season which ranged between 0.5 and 6×10<sup>15</sup> molec/cm<sup>2</sup>. Nitrogen dioxide north-south oscillation during the course of a year is largely controlled by the inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD) zone as high concentrations of NO<sub>2</sub> are found in the vicinity of the ITD where wind speeds and horizontal vorticity approaches zero. Correlation analysis between NO<sub>2</sub> and some atmospheric variables indicated NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are well influenced by atmospheric variables showing bipolar signals depending on the season. An increasing trend of NO<sub>2</sub> was also found over selected cities of the region. This indicated that regional air quality is gradually deteriorating.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The implications of worsening regional air quality were examined in the light of the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic. The dominant atmospheric factor determining pollution episodes in the region is the inter-tropical discontinuity line which marks the meeting point between the two wind regimes over the region. Densely populated areas are characteristically prone to elevated pollution and have experienced high fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8383800/pdf/","citationCount":"1","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Satellite Observation of Spatio-temporal Variations in Nitrogen Dioxide over West Africa and Implications for Regional Air Quality.\",\"authors\":\"Ayodeji Oluleye\",\"doi\":\"10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210913\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is known to affect human health, causing heart and cardiovascular diseases, and it has been shown that locations with long term NO<sub>2</sub> pollution recorded a high number of fatalities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no ground stations monitoring emissions of NO<sub>2</sub> over West Africa. The present study aimed to use satellite observations to examine pollutant trends over this region.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the trend of NO<sub>2</sub> over the entire West Africa sub region in relationship to contributions to environmental emissions using satellite-derived data. This enables the assessment of West Africa regional air pollution hot spots in relationship to enhancing atmospheric factors. The results from this study will also be useful guidance for setting air quality standards for air pollution controls to minimize health hazards.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study examined thirteen years of average monthly values of nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) to determine the spatio-temporal variation of this pollutant over West Africa. Satellite data for NO<sub>2</sub> between 2005 and 2017 were used to determine the variation in pollution levels over West Africa. Correlations between NO<sub>2</sub> and meteorological variables (wind speed, rainfall and air temperature) were obtained to explain the influence of West African weather on the region's pollution accumulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present study observed that NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations varied from place to place and from season to season. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations during the dry season were higher (sometimes 200% higher) than values observed in the wet season which ranged between 0.5 and 6×10<sup>15</sup> molec/cm<sup>2</sup>. Nitrogen dioxide north-south oscillation during the course of a year is largely controlled by the inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD) zone as high concentrations of NO<sub>2</sub> are found in the vicinity of the ITD where wind speeds and horizontal vorticity approaches zero. Correlation analysis between NO<sub>2</sub> and some atmospheric variables indicated NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are well influenced by atmospheric variables showing bipolar signals depending on the season. An increasing trend of NO<sub>2</sub> was also found over selected cities of the region. This indicated that regional air quality is gradually deteriorating.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The implications of worsening regional air quality were examined in the light of the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic. The dominant atmospheric factor determining pollution episodes in the region is the inter-tropical discontinuity line which marks the meeting point between the two wind regimes over the region. Densely populated areas are characteristically prone to elevated pollution and have experienced high fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":52138,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Health and Pollution\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2021-08-17\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8383800/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"1\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Health and Pollution\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210913\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2021/9/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"Medicine\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Health and Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210913","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2021/9/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Medicine","Score":null,"Total":0}
Satellite Observation of Spatio-temporal Variations in Nitrogen Dioxide over West Africa and Implications for Regional Air Quality.
Background: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is known to affect human health, causing heart and cardiovascular diseases, and it has been shown that locations with long term NO2 pollution recorded a high number of fatalities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no ground stations monitoring emissions of NO2 over West Africa. The present study aimed to use satellite observations to examine pollutant trends over this region.
Objective: To examine the trend of NO2 over the entire West Africa sub region in relationship to contributions to environmental emissions using satellite-derived data. This enables the assessment of West Africa regional air pollution hot spots in relationship to enhancing atmospheric factors. The results from this study will also be useful guidance for setting air quality standards for air pollution controls to minimize health hazards.
Methods: The present study examined thirteen years of average monthly values of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to determine the spatio-temporal variation of this pollutant over West Africa. Satellite data for NO2 between 2005 and 2017 were used to determine the variation in pollution levels over West Africa. Correlations between NO2 and meteorological variables (wind speed, rainfall and air temperature) were obtained to explain the influence of West African weather on the region's pollution accumulation.
Results: The present study observed that NO2 concentrations varied from place to place and from season to season. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations during the dry season were higher (sometimes 200% higher) than values observed in the wet season which ranged between 0.5 and 6×1015 molec/cm2. Nitrogen dioxide north-south oscillation during the course of a year is largely controlled by the inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD) zone as high concentrations of NO2 are found in the vicinity of the ITD where wind speeds and horizontal vorticity approaches zero. Correlation analysis between NO2 and some atmospheric variables indicated NO2 concentrations are well influenced by atmospheric variables showing bipolar signals depending on the season. An increasing trend of NO2 was also found over selected cities of the region. This indicated that regional air quality is gradually deteriorating.
Conclusions: The implications of worsening regional air quality were examined in the light of the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic. The dominant atmospheric factor determining pollution episodes in the region is the inter-tropical discontinuity line which marks the meeting point between the two wind regimes over the region. Densely populated areas are characteristically prone to elevated pollution and have experienced high fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Health and Pollution (JH&P) was initiated with funding from the European Union and World Bank and continues to be a Platinum Open Access Journal. There are no publication or viewing charges. That is, there are no charges to readers or authors. Upon peer-review and acceptance, all articles are made available online. The high-ranking editorial board is comprised of active members who participate in JH&P submissions and editorial policies. The Journal of Health and Pollution welcomes manuscripts based on original research as well as findings from re-interpretation and examination of existing data. JH&P focuses on point source pollution, related health impacts, environmental control and remediation technology. JH&P also has an interest in ambient and indoor pollution. Pollutants of particular interest include heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), air particulates (PM10 and PM2.5), and other severe and persistent toxins. JH&P emphasizes work relating directly to low and middle-income countries, however relevant work relating to high-income countries will be considered on a case-by-case basis.
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