Personalized Low-Energy Defibrillation Through Feedback Based Resynchronization Therapy.

Aims: Defibrillation shocks may cause AV node burnout, scar formation, and pain. In this study, we present a real-time feedback-based control of ventricular fibrillation (VF) with a series of low-energy shocks using ventricular electrical activity as the feedback input.

Methods: Isolated rabbit hearts were Langendorff perfused and stained with a fluorescent V_m dye. The ventricular activity was measured with a pair of photodiodes, and processed with a feedback controller to calculate defibrillation shock parameters in real-time. Shock timing was based on desynchronized activation of the left and right ventricles during VF, and the strength was proportional to the amplitude difference of the photodiode signals. Shocks were delivered with a custom-developed arbitrary waveform trans-conductance amplifier.

Results: Feedback based resynchronization therapy converts VT to MT before sinus rhythm is restored with a reduction of defibrillation energy, compared to a single biphasic shock.

Conclusions: Feedback based resynchronization therapy is based on real-time sensing of ventricular activity, while a series of low-energy shocks are delivered, reducing the risk of associated side effects.