Editorial: Methods and Applications in Spatial Demography: 2.

As a self-described, spatial demographer, and with a formative background in geography and planning, I am interested in substantive questions at the nexus of demography, geography, quantitative methods, and public policy. I believe that addressing contemporary substantive demographic and public policy-related questions increasingly requires an understanding of spatial concepts, data, and methods. Spatial concepts are seemingly simultaneously both well-known yet ironically ignored; for example, the concept of spatial dependence. However, levels of ignorance surrounding fundamental spatial concepts are waning (Logan, 2012; Matthews, 2016). Indeed, the increased familiarity with spatial concepts in academia and among policy makers (and also among the lay public) is a product of technological and computational developments that enhance the ability to collect, store, integrate, analyze, visualize, and interpret complex data, including spatial data. Researchers and policy makers are paying attention to old (and now digitized), new, and emerging forms of spatial data, and they recognize the need to be clear regarding a series of interrelated analytical choices, as these choices are not benign. The most relevant “spatial” choices relate to the definitions of place, geographic levels and scales of analysis, spatial interactions and any interdependencies between places, and to basic spatial concepts (for example, distance and relative location) and those that are more complex (for example, spatial heterogeneity and spatial nonstationarity). Related, in many areas of basic and applied demographic research the array of questions that are asked are often constrained by the availability of data, including the availability of spatial data. As stated above, technological changes in computational capacity coupled with the design and adoption of sophisticated data structures (relational databases) and information systems (geographic information systems) has opened up opportunities in data linkage. These opportunities in data linkage have facilitated the transition from single-level to multi-level analysis, from cross-sectional to longitudinal analysis, and from aspatial to spatial analysis. Geography has emerged as one of the main organizing frameworks for both hierarchical and complex nonhierarchical data structures. Leveraging geography, specifically location and relative location data, enables the