软骨内成骨和肢体比例的演变。

Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Campbell Rolian
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引用次数: 22

摘要

哺乳动物有非常不同的肢体比例,假设在运动和其他行为的背景下进化适应。从机械上讲,肢体比例的进化多样性是肢体骨生长差异的结果。纵肢骨生长受软骨内成骨过程驱动,受生长板控制。在生长板中,软骨细胞经历一个紧密协调的生命周期,包括增殖、基质生成、肥大和细胞死亡/转分化。这种生命周期在个体的长骨和远缘类群的同源骨中都是高度保守的,这导致有限数量的互补细胞机制可以产生肢体骨大小和形状的遗传表型变异。这些机制中最重要的是软骨形成和单个生长板中的软骨细胞群大小、增殖率和肥大软骨细胞大小。哺乳动物和鸟类的比较证据表明,在驱动肢体异速发育的过程中,某些细胞机制的进化变化比其他机制更有利于发育偏见的存在。具体来说,软骨细胞群的大小可能比肥大的软骨细胞大小更容易进化,而极端肥大可能是一种罕见的进化现象,与哺乳动物高度特化的运动模式相关(例如,动力飞行,弹跳两足跳跃)。在生物组织的多个层面上的物理和生理限制也可能影响细胞的发育机制,从而在现存哺乳动物中产生高度多样化的肢体比例。本文的分类为:时空格局的建立>大小、比例和时间的调控>器官多样性的调控>物种间器官系统的比较。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions.

Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species.

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期刊介绍: Developmental biology is concerned with the fundamental question of how a single cell, the fertilized egg, ultimately produces a complex, fully patterned adult organism. This problem is studied on many different biological levels, from the molecular to the organismal. Developed in association with the Society for Developmental Biology, WIREs Developmental Biology will provide a unique interdisciplinary forum dedicated to fostering excellence in research and education and communicating key advances in this important field. The collaborative and integrative ethos of the WIREs model will facilitate connections to related disciplines such as genetics, systems biology, bioengineering, and psychology. The topical coverage of WIREs Developmental Biology includes: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns; Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies; Signaling Pathways; Early Embryonic Development; Invertebrate Organogenesis; Vertebrate Organogenesis; Nervous System Development; Birth Defects; Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal and Regeneration; Cell Types and Issues Specific to Plants; Comparative Development and Evolution; and Technologies.
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