Mechanistic ecotoxicology and environmental toxicology.

Ecotoxicology is a multidisciplinary research area in which biologists, chemists, geologists, statisticians, and computer modelers study the toxic effects of environmental agents on biological populations, communities, and ecosystems. Environmental toxicology, a related field, investigates the effects of toxic agents on individual organisms, organs, tissues, cell types, organelles, and biochemical reactions. The Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C (JESH-C) aims to publish outstanding scientific review articles and original research reports presenting important and timely subjects in the fields of ecotoxicology and environmental toxicology. Articles providing novel and relevant mechanistic insights related to the toxicity of natural and manmade materials present in the environment are of special interest to JESH-C and its readers. Deeper mechanistic understandings of how toxic agents affect biological systems adversely may contribute to the development of better methods for control or remediation and improved biomarkers for exposure (Figure 1). In 2016, JESH-C published a review by Liyanage et al. describing the toxicology of freshwater cyanobacteria. The authors found an association between chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in humans and the presence of harmful cyanobacteria in drinking water which, along with other types of data, utilized the detection of cyanotoxin biosynthesis genes as biomarkers for the presence of harmful algal species. Combinations of anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic processes influence the distribution, mobilization, chemical conversions, and deposition of toxic agents in the environment. These factors also influence the modes of exposure to hazardous agents that biological systems will experience and the magnitudes of those exposures. Mishra and Bharagava included perspectives of this type in their review of hexavalent chromium in the environment, along with mechanistic insights associated with the ecotoxic effects of chromium VI on microbes, plants, animals, and humans. Similarly, the ecotoxic effects of arsenic were presented in an article by Jha et al., together with a comparison of municipal water treatment methods used to prevent or minimize exposure to arsenic based on its chemical and physical properties.