肠道绒毛蓝图:需要特定物种的组装。

Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Katherine D Walton, Darcy Mishkind, Misty R Riddle, Clifford J Tabin, Deborah L Gumucio
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引用次数: 37

摘要

肠道对营养物质的有效吸收对生命至关重要。在哺乳动物和鸟类中,将肠道表面卷成称为绒毛的手指状突起是一种重要的适应,它确保了满足代谢需求所需的大量营养接触表面积。每个绒毛突起都是一个功能吸收单元:它被一个源自内胚层的简单柱状上皮覆盖,并包含一个中胚层衍生的核心,该核心具有支持血管系统、乳糜、肠神经、平滑肌、成纤维细胞、肌成纤维细胞和免疫细胞。在横截面上,成人肠道数十亿个绒毛结构的一致性是惊人的美丽。绒毛是在胎儿生活中产生的,几十年来的研究表明,绒毛形态发生需要内胚层和中胚层组织成分之间的实质性“串扰”,可溶性信号、细胞-细胞接触和机械力为协调绒毛组装的顺序对话提供了特定的方言。这一过程的一个关键部分是上皮下间充质细胞簇的形成,这些细胞簇充当信号中枢,引导覆盖的上皮细胞停止增殖,从而驱动绒毛的出现,同时决定未来干细胞区室的位置。有趣的是,不同的物种特异性差异决定了组织成形信号和力如何以及何时产生间充质簇并控制绒毛的出现。随着绒毛发育的细节越来越清晰,新出现的画面突出了一个复杂的局部自组装级联,它是吸收绒毛单元的规则图案场的可复制的基础。这篇文章分类在:脊椎动物器官发生 > 管状原基的非分枝比较发育与进化 > 物种早期胚胎发育的器官系统比较 > 基本身体计划的发展。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Blueprint for an intestinal villus: Species-specific assembly required.

Blueprint for an intestinal villus: Species-specific assembly required.

Blueprint for an intestinal villus: Species-specific assembly required.

Blueprint for an intestinal villus: Species-specific assembly required.
Efficient absorption of nutrients by the intestine is essential for life. In mammals and birds, convolution of the intestinal surface into finger‐like projections called villi is an important adaptation that ensures the massive surface area for nutrient contact that is required to meet metabolic demands. Each villus projection serves as a functional absorptive unit: it is covered by a simple columnar epithelium that is derived from endoderm and contains a mesodermally derived core with supporting vasculature, lacteals, enteric nerves, smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and immune cells. In cross section, the consistency of structure in the billions of individual villi of the adult intestine is strikingly beautiful. Villi are generated in fetal life, and work over several decades has revealed that villus morphogenesis requires substantial “crosstalk” between the endodermal and mesodermal tissue components, with soluble signals, cell–cell contacts, and mechanical forces providing specific dialects for sequential conversations that orchestrate villus assembly. A key part of this process is the formation of subepithelial mesenchymal cell clusters that act as signaling hubs, directing overlying epithelial cells to cease proliferation, thereby driving villus emergence and simultaneously determining the location of future stem cell compartments. Interestingly, distinct species‐specific differences govern how and when tissue‐shaping signals and forces generate mesenchymal clusters and control villus emergence. As the details of villus development become increasingly clear, the emerging picture highlights a sophisticated local self‐assembled cascade that underlies the reproducible elaboration of a regularly patterned field of absorptive villus units.
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期刊介绍: Developmental biology is concerned with the fundamental question of how a single cell, the fertilized egg, ultimately produces a complex, fully patterned adult organism. This problem is studied on many different biological levels, from the molecular to the organismal. Developed in association with the Society for Developmental Biology, WIREs Developmental Biology will provide a unique interdisciplinary forum dedicated to fostering excellence in research and education and communicating key advances in this important field. The collaborative and integrative ethos of the WIREs model will facilitate connections to related disciplines such as genetics, systems biology, bioengineering, and psychology. The topical coverage of WIREs Developmental Biology includes: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns; Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies; Signaling Pathways; Early Embryonic Development; Invertebrate Organogenesis; Vertebrate Organogenesis; Nervous System Development; Birth Defects; Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal and Regeneration; Cell Types and Issues Specific to Plants; Comparative Development and Evolution; and Technologies.
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