Novel vaccination approaches to prevent tuberculosis in children.

Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) is an underappreciated problem and accounts for 10 % of all TB deaths worldwide. Children are highly susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and interrupting TB spread would require the development of effective strategies to control TB transmission in pediatric populations. The current vaccine for TB, M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), can afford some level of protection against TB meningitis and severe forms of disseminated TB in children; however, its efficacy against pulmonary TB is variable and the vaccine does not afford life-long protective immunity. For these reasons there is considerable interest in the development of new vaccines to control TB in children. Multiple vaccine strategies are being assessed and include recombinant forms of the existing BCG vaccine, protein or viral candidates designed to boost BCG-induced immunity, or live attenuated forms of M. tuberculosis. A number of these candidates have entered clinical trials; however, no vaccine has shown improved protective efficacy compared to BCG in humans. The current challenge is to identify the most suitable candidates to progress from early to late stage clinical trials, in order to deliver a vaccine that can control and hopefully eliminate the global threat of TB.