Effects of turbulence on variations in early development of hydrogen and iso-octane flame kernels under engine conditions

The understanding and prediction of the early development of flame kernels are of high practical importance for the robust relight of aviation gas turbines and the control of cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) of spark-ignition engines. CCV are known to correlate strongly with early flame kernel development and complicate the optimization of such engines in terms of safety, thermal efficiency, and engine emissions. The flame kernel initiated by a spark is initially small, in the very early combustion phase typically smaller than the size of the turbulent integral length scales. Therefore, the development of the flame kernel is dominated by local, intermittent flow fluctuations and can vary under the same nominal conditions. In this study, the effects of turbulence on the early development of premixed iso-octane and hydrogen turbulent flame kernels under realistic engine conditions are investigated through direct numerical simulations. Multiple realizations were simulated under the same nominal conditions for both fuels. Significant variations in flame kernel interactions with turbulence can be identified among different realizations. The fuel consumption rate varies by a factor of two, which is remarkable considering that only statistical differences in the local flow field are present between different realizations. Effects of different flow features of the initial flow fields on the flame kernel development were analyzed. It was found that the flow motion on the scale of the ignition radius, specifically the fluid deformation, which is characterized by the invariants of the strain rate tensor, determines the global shape of the kernel, while the variations of the kernel growth rate are mostly driven by the variations of the smallest turbulent scales. In particular, turbulence influences the flame surface area growth mainly through the tangential strain rate at the flame surface, which is shown to result from the small-scale turbulent motion. Due to differential diffusion effects, hydrogen and iso-octane exhibit significantly different flame responses to curvature, which is comprehensively studied for both fuels. The findings in this study will guide the development of combustion models that are capable to capture variations of the early flame kernels based on the local turbulence dissipation rate.