The future of epilepsy treatment: focus on adeno-associated virus vector gene therapy.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors support long-term, nontoxic gene expression in the central nervous system, and these AAV properties prove particularly applicable to the treatment of focal epilepsies, especially intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. A number of clinical studies have employed AAV vectors and to date, no known adverse effects have been directly associated with these treatments, particularly AAV serotype 2 (AAV2). Although other AAV serotypes may confer an advantage in the future, extensive studies on the inhibitory neuropeptides, galanin and neuropeptide Y, have generated enough preclinical evidence of efficacy to warrant AAV2-based clinical trials in the near future. Beyond these trials, emerging evidence suggests that AAV-mediated manipulation of adenosine can significantly impact limbic seizure activity. Thus, with appropriate nonhuman primate transduction patterns and favorable overall toxicology studies, AAV-based manipulation of adenosine could follow the AAV-neuropeptide clinical studies. Finally, recent findings using AAV capsid shuffling and directed evolution have identified a hybrid AAV vector that can selectively cross the seizure compromised blood-brain barrier and transduce cells after peripheral, intravenous administration. Thus, in the more distant future, AAV therapeutics for focal epilepsies may be delivered without any neurosurgical interventions.