可塑性

Randolph J. Nudo
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引用次数: 13

摘要

在过去的20年里,关于中枢神经系统在一生中改变其结构和功能的能力的证据越来越多。对中枢神经系统的损伤似乎是引发可塑性机制的一个特别有力的触发因素。局灶性损伤后,广泛的神经生理和神经解剖学改变发生在梗死周围区域,以及整个单侧和对侧皮层,这是一个复杂的、依赖时间的级联反应。由于这种损伤后的可塑性既可以是适应性的,也可以是不适应的,目前的研究旨在了解可塑性是如何调节的,从而开发出更有效的治疗神经系统疾病的干预措施,如中风。行为训练似乎是损伤后适应性可塑性的重要贡献者,为物理治疗方法的发展提供了神经科学基础。辅助疗法,如药理学药物和外源性电刺激,可以提供一个更容易接受的环境,通过这种环境可以传授行为疗法。本章回顾了最近一些动物损伤和恢复模型的结果,这些结果描述了皮层损伤后可塑性的复杂时间过程及其对神经康复的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Plasticity

Over the past 20 years, evidence has mounted regarding the capacity of the central nervous system to alter its structure and function throughout life. Injury to the central nervous system appears to be a particularly potent trigger for plastic mechanisms to be elicited. Following focal injury, widespread neurophysiological and neuroanatomical changes occur both in the peri-infarct region, as well as throughout the ipsi- and contralesional cortex, in a complex, time-dependent cascade. Since such post-injury plasticity can be both adaptive or maladaptive, current research is directed at understanding how plasticity may be modulated to develop more effective therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders, such as stroke. Behavioral training appears to be a significant contributor to adaptive plasticity after injury, providing a neuroscientific foundation for the development of physical therapeutic approaches. Adjuvant therapies, such as pharmacological agents and exogenous electrical stimulation, may provide a more receptive environment through which behavioral therapies may be imparted. This chapter reviews some of the recent results from animal models of injury and recovery that depict the complex time course of plasticity following cortical injury and implications for neurorehabilitation.

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