从“黑暗地带”建立联合国教科文组织科学:李约瑟、帝国和战时中国国际科学的重组,1942-6。

IF 1.1 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
History of Science Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-02-13 DOI:10.1177/0073275320987428
Thomas Mougey
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引用次数: 3

摘要

近年来,历史学家重新审视了联合国系统的创建,强调了帝国的持久影响,并认识到文化和科学行动者在战时国际外交中的重要作用。参与创建联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)的英国生物化学家李约瑟(Joseph Needham)就是其中之一。然而,如果历史学家已经认识到他是联合国教科文组织科学的主要缔造者,他们仍然没有充分了解他参与联合国教科文组织的中国和帝国地理。第二次世界大战期间,李约瑟驻扎在饱受战争蹂躏的中国。作为中英科学合作办公室主任,李约瑟不仅组织了中英对抗日本侵略的科学合作,而且他的使命激发了他对国际科学改革的参与,并推动了一场国际运动,使他在战后成为联合国教科文组织自然科学部主任。通过在背景下重构他的竞选活动,本文试图展示战时帝国和跨国科学网络如何促进了教科文组织科学使命的建立。它将李约瑟的行动主义和思想置于中日战争、帝国战时技术统治和中国科学民族主义的背景下。在这样做的过程中,它揭示了来自中国和大英帝国的一系列被遗忘的伙伴。他们对重新组织国际科学的观念、对现代科学的共同信念及其普适性理想塑造了李约瑟在联合国教科文组织的科学愿景,而他们的行动主义对他的运动的成功起了决定性的作用。因此,这项调查参与了最近的努力,挑战现有的欧洲中心主义束缚了联合国的史学,并将科学国际主义的史学扩展到欧洲和北美以外。重要的是,它还有助于揭示帝国与联合国系统从一开始就建立起来的技术官僚关系。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Building UNESCO science from the "dark zone": Joseph Needham, Empire, and the wartime reorganization of international science from China, 1942-6.

In recent years historians have revisited the creation of the United Nations (UN) system by highlighting the enduring influence of Empire and recognizing the substantial role of cultural and scientific actors in wartime international diplomacy. The British biochemist Joseph Needham, who participated in the creation of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), was one of them. Yet, if historians have recognized his role as the leading architect of the sciences at UNESCO, they still fall short of engaging with the Chinese and imperial geography of his involvement with UNESCO. During the Second World War, Needham was stationed in war-torn China. As director of the Sino-British Scientific Cooperation Office, Needham not only organized Sino-British scientific cooperation against the Japanese invasion, but his mission inspired his engagement for a reform of international science and fueled an international campaign that led him to become the director of UNESCO's Natural Science division after the war. By reconstructing his campaign in context, this article seeks to demonstrate how the imperial and transnational scientific networks of the wartime era fostered the creation of a scientific mandate for UNESCO. It situates Needham's activism and ideas in the context of the Sino-Japanese war, imperial wartime technocracy, and China's scientific nationalism. In so doing, it reveals a string of forgotten partners from China and the British Empire. Their conception of a reorganized international science and shared belief in modern science and its ideal of universality shaped Needham's vision for science at UNESCO, while their activism contributed decisively to the success of his campaign. This inquiry hence participates in recent efforts to challenge the existing Eurocentrism corseting the historiography of the UN and expands the historiography of scientific internationalism beyond Europe and North America. Importantly, it also contributes to uncovering the technocratic ties established between Empire and the UN system from its onset.

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来源期刊
History of Science
History of Science 综合性期刊-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
15
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: History of Science is peer reviewed journal devoted to the history of science, medicine and technology from earliest times to the present day. Articles discussing methodology, and reviews of the current state of knowledge and possibilities for future research, are especially welcome.
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