Restenosis treatment in the drug-eluting stent era.

Despite recent advances, the in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a challenging problem in interventional cardiology with an estimated overall restenosis rate of 20%, 25-30% in bare metal stents and 12% in drug-eluting stents (DES). In this review, we provide an overview of therapeutic options which include balloon angioplasty, cutting balloon, debulking techniques, brachytherapy and DES. Intracoronary brachytherapy using beta or gamma radiation had been considered the standard of care for some years. However, the use of DES to treat ISR has been shown to be safe, effective and ease-of-use for the prevention of recurrent restenosis. ISR after DES when focal angiographic pattern is present can be often treated with balloon angioplasty whereas if a non-focal pattern is recognized a new DES implantation is indicated. Waiting for a definitive answer regarding the optimal treatment of ISR from ongoing trials, we present our current approach to ISR.