{"title":"小鼠肺转移灶的聚类反映了局部肺血流的分形不均匀性。","authors":"W S Kendal","doi":"10.1159/000024521","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the experimental metastasis assay certain animals, from groups of similarly treated animals, develop more lung metastases than expected from random chance alone. This clustering of metastases is characterized by a power function relationship, sigma(2) = amu(b), between the variance, sigma(2), and mean, mu, of the numbers of lung metastases per animal (a and b are constants). To determine whether this clustering could be an artifact of experimental metastasis, whether it could be influenced by different experimental conditions, and to attempt to clarify its cause, 22 published data sets from experimental metastasis utilizing 2,145 mice, as well as 8 data sets from spontaneous metastasis utilizing 1,020 mice were analyzed. In these experiments cell cloning, cell-cell fusion, treatment with a protein kinase C inhibitor, treatment with cell adhesion compounds, and transfection with either the ras oncogene, the sialidase gene, or the urokinase sense and antisense genes were used to influence metastasis. They employed 14 different cell lines and 6 different strains of inbred mice. Clustering of metastasis was evident in animals from the spontaneous metastasis assays as well as from the experimental metastasis assays. It was apparent whether mice were injected with tumor cells derived from clones or from cell lines. Clustering was demonstrated within each data set, regardless of the experimental conditions employed. A single variance to mean power function (with a = 2.2 and b = 1.51) characterized the clustering in the 30 data sets. The regional distribution of blood flow through lungs and other organs is nonuniform, exhibiting a fractal symmetry on change of scale. This symmetry implies that the variance of a region's blood flow is related to its mean by the same power function as was observed with metastasis. Indeed, measurements of blood flow from isolated canine lungs yield b = 1.56, similar to the corresponding figure from murine lung metastasis. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that the observed clustering of metastases is a consequence of fractal variations in lung blood flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":14452,"journal":{"name":"Invasion & metastasis","volume":"18 5-6","pages":"285-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000024521","citationCount":"8","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Clustering of murine lung metastases reflects fractal nonuniformity in regional lung blood flow.\",\"authors\":\"W S Kendal\",\"doi\":\"10.1159/000024521\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>In the experimental metastasis assay certain animals, from groups of similarly treated animals, develop more lung metastases than expected from random chance alone. This clustering of metastases is characterized by a power function relationship, sigma(2) = amu(b), between the variance, sigma(2), and mean, mu, of the numbers of lung metastases per animal (a and b are constants). To determine whether this clustering could be an artifact of experimental metastasis, whether it could be influenced by different experimental conditions, and to attempt to clarify its cause, 22 published data sets from experimental metastasis utilizing 2,145 mice, as well as 8 data sets from spontaneous metastasis utilizing 1,020 mice were analyzed. In these experiments cell cloning, cell-cell fusion, treatment with a protein kinase C inhibitor, treatment with cell adhesion compounds, and transfection with either the ras oncogene, the sialidase gene, or the urokinase sense and antisense genes were used to influence metastasis. They employed 14 different cell lines and 6 different strains of inbred mice. Clustering of metastasis was evident in animals from the spontaneous metastasis assays as well as from the experimental metastasis assays. It was apparent whether mice were injected with tumor cells derived from clones or from cell lines. Clustering was demonstrated within each data set, regardless of the experimental conditions employed. A single variance to mean power function (with a = 2.2 and b = 1.51) characterized the clustering in the 30 data sets. The regional distribution of blood flow through lungs and other organs is nonuniform, exhibiting a fractal symmetry on change of scale. This symmetry implies that the variance of a region's blood flow is related to its mean by the same power function as was observed with metastasis. Indeed, measurements of blood flow from isolated canine lungs yield b = 1.56, similar to the corresponding figure from murine lung metastasis. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that the observed clustering of metastases is a consequence of fractal variations in lung blood flow.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":14452,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Invasion & metastasis\",\"volume\":\"18 5-6\",\"pages\":\"285-96\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"1998-01-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000024521\",\"citationCount\":\"8\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Invasion & metastasis\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1159/000024521\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Invasion & metastasis","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000024521","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
摘要
在实验转移分析中,某些动物,从类似治疗的动物组中,发生比随机单独的预期更多的肺转移。每只动物肺转移数的方差sigma(2)和均值mu(a和b为常数)之间的这种转移聚类表现为幂函数关系,sigma(2) = amu(b)。为了确定这种聚类是否可能是实验性转移的产物,是否可能受到不同实验条件的影响,并试图澄清其原因,我们分析了来自2,145只小鼠的22个已发表的实验性转移数据集以及来自1,020只小鼠的8个自发转移数据集。在这些实验中,细胞克隆、细胞-细胞融合、蛋白激酶C抑制剂处理、细胞粘附化合物处理、ras癌基因、唾液酸酶基因或尿激酶意义和反义基因转染都被用来影响转移。他们使用了14种不同的细胞系和6种不同的近亲繁殖小鼠。在动物身上,自发转移和实验性转移的聚类性都很明显。小鼠注射的肿瘤细胞是克隆的还是细胞系的,这是显而易见的。无论采用何种实验条件,在每个数据集中都证明了聚类。单方差均值幂函数(A = 2.2, b = 1.51)表征了30个数据集的聚类。肺部和其他器官血流的区域分布不均匀,在尺度变化上呈分形对称。这种对称性意味着一个区域的血流量的方差与它的平均值有相同的幂函数关系,正如在转移中观察到的那样。事实上,分离犬肺的血流量测量结果为b = 1.56,与小鼠肺转移的相应数值相似。这些发现支持了一种假设,即观察到的转移聚集是肺血流分形变化的结果。
Clustering of murine lung metastases reflects fractal nonuniformity in regional lung blood flow.
In the experimental metastasis assay certain animals, from groups of similarly treated animals, develop more lung metastases than expected from random chance alone. This clustering of metastases is characterized by a power function relationship, sigma(2) = amu(b), between the variance, sigma(2), and mean, mu, of the numbers of lung metastases per animal (a and b are constants). To determine whether this clustering could be an artifact of experimental metastasis, whether it could be influenced by different experimental conditions, and to attempt to clarify its cause, 22 published data sets from experimental metastasis utilizing 2,145 mice, as well as 8 data sets from spontaneous metastasis utilizing 1,020 mice were analyzed. In these experiments cell cloning, cell-cell fusion, treatment with a protein kinase C inhibitor, treatment with cell adhesion compounds, and transfection with either the ras oncogene, the sialidase gene, or the urokinase sense and antisense genes were used to influence metastasis. They employed 14 different cell lines and 6 different strains of inbred mice. Clustering of metastasis was evident in animals from the spontaneous metastasis assays as well as from the experimental metastasis assays. It was apparent whether mice were injected with tumor cells derived from clones or from cell lines. Clustering was demonstrated within each data set, regardless of the experimental conditions employed. A single variance to mean power function (with a = 2.2 and b = 1.51) characterized the clustering in the 30 data sets. The regional distribution of blood flow through lungs and other organs is nonuniform, exhibiting a fractal symmetry on change of scale. This symmetry implies that the variance of a region's blood flow is related to its mean by the same power function as was observed with metastasis. Indeed, measurements of blood flow from isolated canine lungs yield b = 1.56, similar to the corresponding figure from murine lung metastasis. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that the observed clustering of metastases is a consequence of fractal variations in lung blood flow.