Immunomodulation of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome.

The various therapeutic modalities which are found to be beneficial in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome include: bone marrow transplantation, anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, bromocriptine, intravenous immunoglobulins and anti-idiotypes, interleukin-3, and various anti-coagulant and anti-aggregate agents. The advantage of animal models is the ability to evaluate experimental treatments that cannot be tested directly on patients. In this paper, we review the effect of these agents on animal models of antiphospholipid syndrome, their mechanisms of action, and their clinical implications.