Nucleic acid vaccines.

Direct DNA delivery in vivo can be utilized for the production of proteins as well as for the induction of specific cellular and hunoral immune response against a large number of viral pathogens (influenza, hepatitis B, HIV, etc.). Immunogenic levels of gene expression can be achieved in vivo or, alternatively, facilitated DNA inoculation methods have been described for efficient induction of protective immunity. DNA immunization of a number of viral target proteins has been accomplished in a variety of species including non human primates. Our review focuses on the use of this novel technology for the prevention of human retroviruses infections. Some safety considerations for viral nucleic acid vaccines and regulatory requirements are also discussed.