Site-directed mutagenesis--molecular biology and rational drug design.

Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have determined the location and composition of the binding sites in human IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta for the Type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R). The binding site in each ligand is a discontinuous epitope made up of at least seven amino acids whose side chains are exposed on a contiguous region of the protein surface. Although human IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta have similar affinities and cross-compete for binding to the human Type I IL-1R, the binding site residues are not identical in the two ligands. In addition, the residues in the binding site of each ligand contribute differently to binding of the human versus the mouse IL-1R. The structure of the IL-1 binding site has implications for the rational design of IL-1 antagonists.