Rodent models of focal ischemia.

Experimental models of focal ischemia have provided an unparalleled insight into the dynamic events that surround ischemic brain injury. The dichotomous capacity of existing rodent models of focal ischemia to provide a controlled environment to examine the pathogenesis of focal ischemia and to allow assessment of the efficacy of potential therapeutic intervention is reviewed. The established rodent model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (electrocoagulation) is critically examined and set against the distinctive features of novel methods that have been developed to reduce invasive surgery and to examine the pathological consequences of reperfusing a previously ischemic area. Emphasis has been placed on the technical requirements of each model that affect outcome and reproducibility.