Dynamic loads on energy pipelines: Origins, mitigation strategies, and future research directions

Pipelines are an indispensable part of the global infrastructure for energy transportation, and their integrity poses a significant risk as the dynamic loads generated throughout their life cycle might result in catastrophic failures if not properly managed. A systematic review is presented, including the sources, effects, and mitigation measures of dynamic loads classified into four categories: environmental, mechanical, accidental, and human-induced. A thorough literature review highlights computational methods, particularly finite element method and computational fluid dynamics, contribute to estimating failure modes and developing preventive measures. Primary mitigation measures comprise flexible joints for the seismic response of pipelines, vortex-induced vibration suppressors for offshore applications, and protective barriers against impact loads. There are gaps in modeling coupled multi-axial loads and aging infrastructure under seismic loading conditions, with limitations in real-time monitoring. Adaptive computational frameworks integrating FSI with probabilistic risk assessments should be developed, with innovative technologies such as self-healing coatings and IoT-enabled monitoring requiring rigorous attention. This study aims to serve as a guide to enhancing pipeline resilience in extreme environments, thus directing future endeavors toward safe and sustainable transportation of energy through resilient infrastructures.