{"title":"印度南部瓦亚纳德林区家畜蜱虫侵害的季节和空间动态：一项纵向调查。","authors":"Mannarakkal Thazham Swathy Viswanath, Rouchelle Charmaine Tellis, Sohanlal Thiruvoth, Vipin Viswanath, Koyyan Prakasan, Mannarakkal Thazham Sneha Viswanath, Manathottathil Aiswarya","doi":"10.1177/11786302261452465","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim and background: </strong>Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites of veterinary and public health relevance. This study examines the seasonal distribution, host-specific burden, and species composition of ticks infesting domestic animals in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A longitudinal field survey was conducted from 2022 to 2024 across 40 locations in 3 ecological zones of Wayanad. Ticks were manually collected from domestic animals; cattle, goats, dogs, and cats during 3 seasons: monsoon, winter, and summer. Collected ticks were morphologically identified to the species level. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis <i>H</i> tests (α = .05) were performed using Jamovi (v2.6.44). Additionally, a negative binomial regression model was fitted using R (v4.2.2) to identify predictors of tick burden.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2562 ticks were collected. Tick abundance was highest during the monsoon (1231; 48.06%), followed by winter (965; 37.66%) and summer (366; 14.28%). Cattle accounted for the highest tick load (n = 1529; 59.7%), followed by goats (592; 23.1%), dogs (313; 12.2%), and cats (128; 5.0%). Mean tick burden per animal was highest in Zone 1 (12.79 ± 6.01), and lowest in Zone 3 (10.20 ± 5.37). Seasonally, winter showed the highest mean burden (4.91 ± 3.63). Seven tick species from 3 genera were identified, with <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> being the most dominant. Regression analysis identified season and host as significant predictors. Compared to monsoon, summer burden was lower (IRR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.32-0.41; <i>P</i> < .001), while winter was moderately higher (IRR = 1.15; CI: 1.05-1.25; <i>P</i> = .0017). Cattle exhibited a 4.05-fold higher burden than cats (IRR = 4.05; CI: 3.39-4.87; <i>P</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of zoonotic tick vectors across hosts, seasons, and zones indicates high epidemiological risk the need for integrated ecological surveillance and region-specific tick control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11827,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Insights","volume":"20 ","pages":"11786302261452465"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428112/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of Tick Infestation in Domestic Animals of Wayanad Forest Region, Southern India: A Longitudinal Survey.\",\"authors\":\"Mannarakkal Thazham Swathy Viswanath, Rouchelle Charmaine Tellis, Sohanlal Thiruvoth, Vipin Viswanath, Koyyan Prakasan, Mannarakkal Thazham Sneha Viswanath, Manathottathil Aiswarya\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/11786302261452465\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Aim and background: </strong>Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites of veterinary and public health relevance. This study examines the seasonal distribution, host-specific burden, and species composition of ticks infesting domestic animals in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A longitudinal field survey was conducted from 2022 to 2024 across 40 locations in 3 ecological zones of Wayanad. Ticks were manually collected from domestic animals; cattle, goats, dogs, and cats during 3 seasons: monsoon, winter, and summer. Collected ticks were morphologically identified to the species level. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis <i>H</i> tests (α = .05) were performed using Jamovi (v2.6.44). Additionally, a negative binomial regression model was fitted using R (v4.2.2) to identify predictors of tick burden.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2562 ticks were collected. Tick abundance was highest during the monsoon (1231; 48.06%), followed by winter (965; 37.66%) and summer (366; 14.28%). Cattle accounted for the highest tick load (n = 1529; 59.7%), followed by goats (592; 23.1%), dogs (313; 12.2%), and cats (128; 5.0%). Mean tick burden per animal was highest in Zone 1 (12.79 ± 6.01), and lowest in Zone 3 (10.20 ± 5.37). Seasonally, winter showed the highest mean burden (4.91 ± 3.63). Seven tick species from 3 genera were identified, with <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> being the most dominant. Regression analysis identified season and host as significant predictors. Compared to monsoon, summer burden was lower (IRR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.32-0.41; <i>P</i> < .001), while winter was moderately higher (IRR = 1.15; CI: 1.05-1.25; <i>P</i> = .0017). Cattle exhibited a 4.05-fold higher burden than cats (IRR = 4.05; CI: 3.39-4.87; <i>P</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of zoonotic tick vectors across hosts, seasons, and zones indicates high epidemiological risk the need for integrated ecological surveillance and region-specific tick control strategies.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":11827,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Environmental Health Insights\",\"volume\":\"20 \",\"pages\":\"11786302261452465\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2026-07-31\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428112/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Environmental Health Insights\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302261452465\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2026/1/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Health Insights","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302261452465","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH","Score":null,"Total":0}
Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of Tick Infestation in Domestic Animals of Wayanad Forest Region, Southern India: A Longitudinal Survey.
Aim and background: Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites of veterinary and public health relevance. This study examines the seasonal distribution, host-specific burden, and species composition of ticks infesting domestic animals in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India.
Methods: A longitudinal field survey was conducted from 2022 to 2024 across 40 locations in 3 ecological zones of Wayanad. Ticks were manually collected from domestic animals; cattle, goats, dogs, and cats during 3 seasons: monsoon, winter, and summer. Collected ticks were morphologically identified to the species level. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests (α = .05) were performed using Jamovi (v2.6.44). Additionally, a negative binomial regression model was fitted using R (v4.2.2) to identify predictors of tick burden.
Results: A total of 2562 ticks were collected. Tick abundance was highest during the monsoon (1231; 48.06%), followed by winter (965; 37.66%) and summer (366; 14.28%). Cattle accounted for the highest tick load (n = 1529; 59.7%), followed by goats (592; 23.1%), dogs (313; 12.2%), and cats (128; 5.0%). Mean tick burden per animal was highest in Zone 1 (12.79 ± 6.01), and lowest in Zone 3 (10.20 ± 5.37). Seasonally, winter showed the highest mean burden (4.91 ± 3.63). Seven tick species from 3 genera were identified, with Haemaphysalis bispinosa being the most dominant. Regression analysis identified season and host as significant predictors. Compared to monsoon, summer burden was lower (IRR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.32-0.41; P < .001), while winter was moderately higher (IRR = 1.15; CI: 1.05-1.25; P = .0017). Cattle exhibited a 4.05-fold higher burden than cats (IRR = 4.05; CI: 3.39-4.87; P < .001).
Conclusion: The presence of zoonotic tick vectors across hosts, seasons, and zones indicates high epidemiological risk the need for integrated ecological surveillance and region-specific tick control strategies.
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