Mapping and analysis of local potential for new and renewable energy and its conversion technology in Aceh-Indonesia

Aceh Province, Indonesia, possesses substantial potential in new and renewable energy (NRE) sources that can support a sustainable and low-carbon energy transition. This study integrates Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping, SWOT analysis, and HOMER Pro simulations to assess technical feasibility, economic viability, and strategic enablers and barriers for implementing biomass, hydro, solar, and wind energy technologies. Results indicate that Aceh's biomass resources, primarily from palm oil waste, could generate up to 1.5 GW, with 500 MW deemed economically viable. Micro-hydro potential is estimated at 200 MW, supported by year-round river flow consistency. Solar energy resources show an average radiation of 4.8–5.2 kWh/m²/day, and coastal wind speeds average 5 m/s, suitable for small-scale installations. Simulation results reveal that renewable energy-based hybrid systems in rural Aceh could achieve a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) as low as $0.09/kWh and reduce grid dependency by over 60 %. If planned projects are implemented, the estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potential exceeds 1.2 million tons of CO₂ annually. However, key challenges remain, including inadequate infrastructure, limited investment, and fragmented regulatory support. This study recommends increasing green financing, streamlining permitting processes, and enhancing energy storage infrastructure. The findings offer a strategic roadmap for leveraging Aceh’s renewable resources, contributing to Indonesia’s 23 % renewable energy target by 2025 and serving as a model for other regions with similar energy profiles.