Hierarchical MOFs and derivatives toward advanced electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage

Hierarchical metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are categorized into three structural types: hierarchical porous structure, hierarchical architectural structure, and hierarchical compositional structure. With their structural diversity and ability to synergistically regulate electrochemical properties across multiple scales, hierarchical MOF materials have attracted widespread attention. This review systematically analyzes strategies for the three types of hierarchical MOFs and their derivatives, including the template guided method, additive-assisted modulation, etching, ion-exchange, self-assembly, and the in situ growth method. Recent applications of MOFs and their derivatives in electrochemical energy storage devices, including secondary batteries and supercapacitors, are also introduced. Finally, the structural advantages, challenges, and future research prospects of hierarchical MOFs and their derivatives are summarized.