The Significant Role of the Mafic Lower Crust in the Chemical Diversity of Arc Magmas

The origin of extremely diverse arc magmas erupted along the 600-km-long Quaternary frontal arc of NE Japan was examined using Sr–Nd–Hf–Pb isotopic and major/trace elemental compositions. The major/trace element chemistry of the magmas varied with the various combinations of low-K to medium-K and calc-alkaline to tholeiitic rock suites, even within a single volcano. Nevertheless, magmas from individual volcanoes showed quasi-linear isotopic variations in the Pb–Pb and Nd–Pb isotope spaces irrespective of their complex rock suites. The isotope data indicate a binary mixing origin of the magmas derived from a mostly homogeneous mantle source and the others from an isotopically diverse crust represented by Cretaceous to Paleogene basement granitoids. Assimilation-fractional-crystallization (AFC) and melting-assimilation-storage-hybridization (MASH) processes formed the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series, respectively. These would have occurred in the amphibolitic lower crust that constitutes the roots of the basement granitoids. This study demonstrates that the mafic lower crust extensively contributes to the chemical diversity of arc magmas, even for relatively undifferentiated basaltic andesites.