Léna Parc, François Bouchy, Neil J. Cook, Nolan Grieves, Étienne Artigau, Alexandrine L’Heureux, René Doyon, Yuri S. Messias, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Björn Benneke, Xavier Bonfils, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Nicolas B. Cowan, Daniel Brito de Freitas, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Pedro Figueira, Jonay I. González Hernández, David Lafrenière, Izan de Castro Leão, Christophe Lovis, Lison Malo, Claudio Melo, Lucile Mignon, Christoph Mordasini, Francesco Pepe, Rafael Rebolo, Jason Rowe, Nuno C. Santos, Damien Ségransan, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Stéphane Udry, Diana Valencia, Gregg Wade, Manuel Abreu, José L. A. Aguiar, Khaled Al Moulla, Guillaume Allain, Romain Allart, Jose Manuel Almenara, Tomy Arial, Hugues Auger, Luc Bazinet, Nicolas Blind, David Bohlender, Isabelle Boisse, Anne Boucher, Vincent Bourrier, Sébastien Bovay, Pedro Branco, Christopher Broeg, Denis Brousseau, Alexandre Cabral, Charles Cadieux, Andres Carmona, Yann Carteret, Zalpha Challita, David Charbonneau, Bruno Chazelas, Catherine A. Clark, João Coelho, Marion Cointepas, Karen A. Collins, Kevin I. Collins, Uriel Conod, Eduardo Cristo, Ana Rita Costa Silva, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Laurie Dauplaise, Jean-Baptiste Delisle, Roseane de Lima Gomes, João Faria, Dasaev O. Fontinele, Thierry Forveille, Yolanda G. C. Frensch, Jonathan Gagné, Frédéric Genest, Ludovic Genolet, João Gomes da Silva, Félix Gracia Témich, Nicole Gromek, Olivier Hernandez, Melissa J. Hobson, H. Jens Hoeijmakers, Norbert Hubin, Marziye Jafariyazani, Farbod Jahandar, Ray Jayawardhana, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Dan Kerley, Johann Kolb, Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy, Benjamin Kung, Pierrot Lamontagne, Pierre Larue, Henry Leath, Olivia Lim, Gaspare Lo Curto, Allan M. Martins, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Jaymie Matthews, Jean-Sébastien Mayer, Stan Metchev, Lina Messamah, Leslie Moranta, Dany Mounzer, Nicola Nari, Louise D. Nielsen, Ares Osborn, Mathieu Ouellet, Jon Otegi, Luca Pasquini, Vera M. Passegger, Stefan Pelletier, Céline Peroux, Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, Emanuela Pompei, Anne-Sophie Poulin-Girard, José Luis Rasilla, Vladimir Reshetov, Jonathan Saint-Antoine, Mirsad Sarajlic, Ivo Saviane, Robin Schnell, Alex Segovia, Julia Seidel, Armin Silber, Peter Sinclair, Michael Sordet, Danuta Sosnowska, Avidaan Srivastava, Atanas K. Stefanov, Márcio A. Teixeira, Simon Thibault, Philippe Vallée, Thomas Vandal, Valentina Vaulato, Joost P. Wardenier, Bachar Wehbe, Drew Weisserman, Ivan Wevers, François Wildi, Vincent Yariv, Gérard Zins
{"title":"NIRPS和TESS揭示了M矮星TOI-756周围的一个特殊系统：一个凌日的亚海王星和一个冷偏心的巨人","authors":"Léna Parc, François Bouchy, Neil J. Cook, Nolan Grieves, Étienne Artigau, Alexandrine L’Heureux, René Doyon, Yuri S. Messias, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Björn Benneke, Xavier Bonfils, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Nicolas B. Cowan, Daniel Brito de Freitas, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Pedro Figueira, Jonay I. González Hernández, David Lafrenière, Izan de Castro Leão, Christophe Lovis, Lison Malo, Claudio Melo, Lucile Mignon, Christoph Mordasini, Francesco Pepe, Rafael Rebolo, Jason Rowe, Nuno C. Santos, Damien Ségransan, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Stéphane Udry, Diana Valencia, Gregg Wade, Manuel Abreu, José L. A. Aguiar, Khaled Al Moulla, Guillaume Allain, Romain Allart, Jose Manuel Almenara, Tomy Arial, Hugues Auger, Luc Bazinet, Nicolas Blind, David Bohlender, Isabelle Boisse, Anne Boucher, Vincent Bourrier, Sébastien Bovay, Pedro Branco, Christopher Broeg, Denis Brousseau, Alexandre Cabral, Charles Cadieux, Andres Carmona, Yann Carteret, Zalpha Challita, David Charbonneau, Bruno Chazelas, Catherine A. Clark, João Coelho, Marion Cointepas, Karen A. Collins, Kevin I. Collins, Uriel Conod, Eduardo Cristo, Ana Rita Costa Silva, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Laurie Dauplaise, Jean-Baptiste Delisle, Roseane de Lima Gomes, João Faria, Dasaev O. Fontinele, Thierry Forveille, Yolanda G. C. Frensch, Jonathan Gagné, Frédéric Genest, Ludovic Genolet, João Gomes da Silva, Félix Gracia Témich, Nicole Gromek, Olivier Hernandez, Melissa J. Hobson, H. Jens Hoeijmakers, Norbert Hubin, Marziye Jafariyazani, Farbod Jahandar, Ray Jayawardhana, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Dan Kerley, Johann Kolb, Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy, Benjamin Kung, Pierrot Lamontagne, Pierre Larue, Henry Leath, Olivia Lim, Gaspare Lo Curto, Allan M. Martins, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Jaymie Matthews, Jean-Sébastien Mayer, Stan Metchev, Lina Messamah, Leslie Moranta, Dany Mounzer, Nicola Nari, Louise D. Nielsen, Ares Osborn, Mathieu Ouellet, Jon Otegi, Luca Pasquini, Vera M. Passegger, Stefan Pelletier, Céline Peroux, Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, Emanuela Pompei, Anne-Sophie Poulin-Girard, José Luis Rasilla, Vladimir Reshetov, Jonathan Saint-Antoine, Mirsad Sarajlic, Ivo Saviane, Robin Schnell, Alex Segovia, Julia Seidel, Armin Silber, Peter Sinclair, Michael Sordet, Danuta Sosnowska, Avidaan Srivastava, Atanas K. Stefanov, Márcio A. Teixeira, Simon Thibault, Philippe Vallée, Thomas Vandal, Valentina Vaulato, Joost P. Wardenier, Bachar Wehbe, Drew Weisserman, Ivan Wevers, François Wildi, Vincent Yariv, Gérard Zins","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202555684","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<i>Context<i/>. The Near InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) joined HARPS on the 3.6-m ESO telescope at La Silla Observatory in April 2023, dedicating part of its Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program to the radial velocity follow-up of TESS planet candidates to confirm and characterize transiting planets around M dwarfs.<i>Aims<i/>. We present the “Sub-Neptunes” subprogram of the NIRPS-GTO, aimed at investigating the composition and formation of sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs. We report the first results of this program with the characterization of the TOI-756 system, which consists of TOI-756 b, a transiting sub-Neptune candidate detected by TESS, as well as TOI-756 c, an additional non-transiting planet discovered by NIRPS and HARPS.<i>Methods<i/>. We analyzed TESS and ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging, and high-precision radial velocities (RVs) from NIRPS and HARPS to characterize the two newly discovered planets orbiting TOI-756, as well as to derive the fundamental properties of the host star. A dedicated approach was employed for the NIRPS RV extraction to mitigate telluric contamination, particularly when the star’s systemic velocity was shown to overlap with the barycentric Earth radial velocity.<i>Results<i/>. TOI-756 is a M1V-type star with an effective temperature of <i>T<i/><sub>eff<sub/> ~ 3657 K and a super-solar metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.20±0.03 dex. TOI-756 b is a 1.24-day period sub-Neptune with a radius of 2.81 ± 0.10 <i>R<i/><sub>⊕<sub/> and a mass of 9.8<sub>−1.6<sub/><sup>+1.8<sup/> <i>M<i/><sub>⊕<sub/>. TOI-756 c is a cold eccentric (e<sub><i>c<i/><sub/> = 0.45 ± 0.01) giant planet orbiting with a period of 149.6 days around its star with a minimum mass of 4.05 ± 0.11 <i>M<i/><sub>Jup<sub/>. Additionally, a linear trend of 146 m s<sup>−1<sup/> yr<sup>−1<sup/> is visible in the radial velocities, hinting at a third component, possibly in the planetary or brown dwarf regime.<i>Conclusions<i/>. We present the discovery and characterization of the transiting sub-Neptune TOI-756 b and the non-transiting eccentric cold giant TOI-756 c. This system is unique in the exoplanet landscape, standing as the first confirmed example of such a planetary architecture around an M dwarf. With a density of 2.42 ± 0.49 g cm<sup>−3<sup/>, the inner planet, TOI-756 b, is a volatile-rich sub-Neptune. Assuming a pure H/He envelope, we inferred an atmospheric mass fraction of 0.023 and a core mass fraction of 0.27, which is well constrained by stellar refractory abundances derived from NIRPS spectra. It falls within the still poorly explored radius cliff and at the lower boundary of the Neptune desert, making it a prime target for a future atmospheric characterization with JWST to improve our understanding of this population.","PeriodicalId":8571,"journal":{"name":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant\",\"authors\":\"Léna Parc, François Bouchy, Neil J. Cook, Nolan Grieves, Étienne Artigau, Alexandrine L’Heureux, René Doyon, Yuri S. Messias, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Björn Benneke, Xavier Bonfils, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Nicolas B. Cowan, Daniel Brito de Freitas, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Pedro Figueira, Jonay I. González Hernández, David Lafrenière, Izan de Castro Leão, Christophe Lovis, Lison Malo, Claudio Melo, Lucile Mignon, Christoph Mordasini, Francesco Pepe, Rafael Rebolo, Jason Rowe, Nuno C. Santos, Damien Ségransan, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Stéphane Udry, Diana Valencia, Gregg Wade, Manuel Abreu, José L. A. Aguiar, Khaled Al Moulla, Guillaume Allain, Romain Allart, Jose Manuel Almenara, Tomy Arial, Hugues Auger, Luc Bazinet, Nicolas Blind, David Bohlender, Isabelle Boisse, Anne Boucher, Vincent Bourrier, Sébastien Bovay, Pedro Branco, Christopher Broeg, Denis Brousseau, Alexandre Cabral, Charles Cadieux, Andres Carmona, Yann Carteret, Zalpha Challita, David Charbonneau, Bruno Chazelas, Catherine A. Clark, João Coelho, Marion Cointepas, Karen A. Collins, Kevin I. Collins, Uriel Conod, Eduardo Cristo, Ana Rita Costa Silva, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Laurie Dauplaise, Jean-Baptiste Delisle, Roseane de Lima Gomes, João Faria, Dasaev O. Fontinele, Thierry Forveille, Yolanda G. C. Frensch, Jonathan Gagné, Frédéric Genest, Ludovic Genolet, João Gomes da Silva, Félix Gracia Témich, Nicole Gromek, Olivier Hernandez, Melissa J. Hobson, H. Jens Hoeijmakers, Norbert Hubin, Marziye Jafariyazani, Farbod Jahandar, Ray Jayawardhana, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Dan Kerley, Johann Kolb, Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy, Benjamin Kung, Pierrot Lamontagne, Pierre Larue, Henry Leath, Olivia Lim, Gaspare Lo Curto, Allan M. Martins, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Jaymie Matthews, Jean-Sébastien Mayer, Stan Metchev, Lina Messamah, Leslie Moranta, Dany Mounzer, Nicola Nari, Louise D. Nielsen, Ares Osborn, Mathieu Ouellet, Jon Otegi, Luca Pasquini, Vera M. Passegger, Stefan Pelletier, Céline Peroux, Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, Emanuela Pompei, Anne-Sophie Poulin-Girard, José Luis Rasilla, Vladimir Reshetov, Jonathan Saint-Antoine, Mirsad Sarajlic, Ivo Saviane, Robin Schnell, Alex Segovia, Julia Seidel, Armin Silber, Peter Sinclair, Michael Sordet, Danuta Sosnowska, Avidaan Srivastava, Atanas K. Stefanov, Márcio A. Teixeira, Simon Thibault, Philippe Vallée, Thomas Vandal, Valentina Vaulato, Joost P. Wardenier, Bachar Wehbe, Drew Weisserman, Ivan Wevers, François Wildi, Vincent Yariv, Gérard Zins\",\"doi\":\"10.1051/0004-6361/202555684\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<i>Context<i/>. The Near InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) joined HARPS on the 3.6-m ESO telescope at La Silla Observatory in April 2023, dedicating part of its Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program to the radial velocity follow-up of TESS planet candidates to confirm and characterize transiting planets around M dwarfs.<i>Aims<i/>. We present the “Sub-Neptunes” subprogram of the NIRPS-GTO, aimed at investigating the composition and formation of sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs. We report the first results of this program with the characterization of the TOI-756 system, which consists of TOI-756 b, a transiting sub-Neptune candidate detected by TESS, as well as TOI-756 c, an additional non-transiting planet discovered by NIRPS and HARPS.<i>Methods<i/>. We analyzed TESS and ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging, and high-precision radial velocities (RVs) from NIRPS and HARPS to characterize the two newly discovered planets orbiting TOI-756, as well as to derive the fundamental properties of the host star. A dedicated approach was employed for the NIRPS RV extraction to mitigate telluric contamination, particularly when the star’s systemic velocity was shown to overlap with the barycentric Earth radial velocity.<i>Results<i/>. TOI-756 is a M1V-type star with an effective temperature of <i>T<i/><sub>eff<sub/> ~ 3657 K and a super-solar metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.20±0.03 dex. TOI-756 b is a 1.24-day period sub-Neptune with a radius of 2.81 ± 0.10 <i>R<i/><sub>⊕<sub/> and a mass of 9.8<sub>−1.6<sub/><sup>+1.8<sup/> <i>M<i/><sub>⊕<sub/>. TOI-756 c is a cold eccentric (e<sub><i>c<i/><sub/> = 0.45 ± 0.01) giant planet orbiting with a period of 149.6 days around its star with a minimum mass of 4.05 ± 0.11 <i>M<i/><sub>Jup<sub/>. Additionally, a linear trend of 146 m s<sup>−1<sup/> yr<sup>−1<sup/> is visible in the radial velocities, hinting at a third component, possibly in the planetary or brown dwarf regime.<i>Conclusions<i/>. We present the discovery and characterization of the transiting sub-Neptune TOI-756 b and the non-transiting eccentric cold giant TOI-756 c. This system is unique in the exoplanet landscape, standing as the first confirmed example of such a planetary architecture around an M dwarf. 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NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant
Context. The Near InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) joined HARPS on the 3.6-m ESO telescope at La Silla Observatory in April 2023, dedicating part of its Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program to the radial velocity follow-up of TESS planet candidates to confirm and characterize transiting planets around M dwarfs.Aims. We present the “Sub-Neptunes” subprogram of the NIRPS-GTO, aimed at investigating the composition and formation of sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs. We report the first results of this program with the characterization of the TOI-756 system, which consists of TOI-756 b, a transiting sub-Neptune candidate detected by TESS, as well as TOI-756 c, an additional non-transiting planet discovered by NIRPS and HARPS.Methods. We analyzed TESS and ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging, and high-precision radial velocities (RVs) from NIRPS and HARPS to characterize the two newly discovered planets orbiting TOI-756, as well as to derive the fundamental properties of the host star. A dedicated approach was employed for the NIRPS RV extraction to mitigate telluric contamination, particularly when the star’s systemic velocity was shown to overlap with the barycentric Earth radial velocity.Results. TOI-756 is a M1V-type star with an effective temperature of Teff ~ 3657 K and a super-solar metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.20±0.03 dex. TOI-756 b is a 1.24-day period sub-Neptune with a radius of 2.81 ± 0.10 R⊕ and a mass of 9.8−1.6+1.8M⊕. TOI-756 c is a cold eccentric (ec = 0.45 ± 0.01) giant planet orbiting with a period of 149.6 days around its star with a minimum mass of 4.05 ± 0.11 MJup. Additionally, a linear trend of 146 m s−1 yr−1 is visible in the radial velocities, hinting at a third component, possibly in the planetary or brown dwarf regime.Conclusions. We present the discovery and characterization of the transiting sub-Neptune TOI-756 b and the non-transiting eccentric cold giant TOI-756 c. This system is unique in the exoplanet landscape, standing as the first confirmed example of such a planetary architecture around an M dwarf. With a density of 2.42 ± 0.49 g cm−3, the inner planet, TOI-756 b, is a volatile-rich sub-Neptune. Assuming a pure H/He envelope, we inferred an atmospheric mass fraction of 0.023 and a core mass fraction of 0.27, which is well constrained by stellar refractory abundances derived from NIRPS spectra. It falls within the still poorly explored radius cliff and at the lower boundary of the Neptune desert, making it a prime target for a future atmospheric characterization with JWST to improve our understanding of this population.
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Astronomy & Astrophysics is an international Journal that publishes papers on all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics (theoretical, observational, and instrumental) independently of the techniques used to obtain the results.
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