Etiology and diagnosis of cerebral palsy in resource-limited regions

The prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) is greater in resource limited countries than in higher income countries for several reasons. The etiology and risk factors for cerebral palsy are multifactorial, including perinatal, vascular, infectious, and genetic factors with significant regional variations. Whereas advancements in neonatal care and early intervention have improved outcomes in high-income countries, the burden of CP remains disproportionately high in resource-limited regions due to delayed diagnosis, inadequate access to specialized healthcare, and socioeconomic constraints. Early diagnosis of CP is crucial for timely intervention, which can significantly improve motor and cognitive outcomes. In low-resource settings, limited availability of trained healthcare professionals, lack of standardized screening tools, and inadequate neonatal follow-up programs can hinder early identification. Additionally, social and cultural norms can contribute to delayed medical attention, further exacerbating disability in affected children.

This article explores the etiology and diagnostic challenges of CP in resource-limited regions, emphasizing the unique risk factors and diagnostic challenges prevalent in these settings. Potential low-cost solutions for early diagnosis and intervention, including the use of simple clinical assessment tools, mobile health technology, and community-based rehabilitation strategies are also discussed. Addressing these challenges through cost-effective, scalable and sustainable interventions can improve outcomes for children with CP, reducing the long-term economic and social burden on families and healthcare systems.