Unheard Voices: Communicative (Dis)enfranchisement in Women's Health Experiences in China.

In China, despite global awareness of the importance of gender equity as it relates to healthcare, attention to women's health issues especially gynecological conditions lags behind. These challenges stem from deficiencies in health education and the persistence of social norms discounting women's health problems and women's pain. To explore and amplify voices of women and their health experiences, this study employed the theory of communicative (dis)enfranchisement (TCD) as a framework to analyze the communication challenges Chinese females face. Analysis of 27 in-depth interviews revealed two dominant ideologies: the subordination of women to men and the stigmatization of women's gynecological functions as "dirty." These ideologies drive both societal-level ramifications (stereotyping, restrictive rules, healthcare system limitations, and knowledge embargo) and personal-level ramifications, including emotional distress (e.g. anxiety, self-doubt) and behavioral changes (e.g. reluctance to seek medical help). Additionally, participants identified six functions of (Dis)enfranchising Talk (DT), including discrediting, reducing, stereotyping, silencing, dominating, and disregarding, which manifest across interpersonal and organizational discursive spaces. Women's responses to DT ranged from passive compliance to proactive strategies. This study broadens the scope of TCD literature by revealing the communicative mechanisms that perpetuate (dis)enfranchisement within China's unique cultural, historical, and systemic contexts, thereby challenging, enriching, and extending TCD theorizing beyond its traditional Western-centric focus.