Industry 4.0 for smart transport systems: Foundations and applications

This paper examines how Industry 4.0 technologies enable smart transport systems through energy-aware architectures that integrate vehicles with the smart grid. We provide a concise synthesis of application patterns across cyber-physical systems (CPS), Industrial IoT sensing, edge and cloud analytics, and secure data exchange, and present application-oriented cases spanning EV–grid interaction (V2G), predictive maintenance, and operational optimization. We map enabling components—data ingestion, model inference, decision support, and secure interoperability—to transport tasks and discuss implementation trade-offs observed in practice. While our analysis is grounded in Industry 4.0 foundations, we explain how these foundations support a measured transition toward Industry 5.0—prioritizing human-centric, resilient, and sustainability-aligned operations— with Industry 5.0 features and LLM-based interfaces treated as future work rather than scope-defining elements.